Figure 2. . CXCR4 blocks TLR activation. Activation of TLRs and their down-steam signaling ultimately results in elevated type-I interferons.

This is initiated by pathogens but can also be chronically elevated in auto-immune disease. Novel CXCR4 minor pocket ligands cause inhibition of TLR downstream signaling and subsequent reduction of interferon type-I levels, the exact mode of action remains unclear.