Table 2.
Dietary food intake of participants according to quintiles of flavonoids from cocoa-based products (mg/day).
| Overall (n = 944) | Q1 (<12.1) | Q2 (12.1–32.0) | Q3 (32.1–53.2) | Q4 (53.3–83.8) | Q5 (>83.8) | P-for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 189) | (n = 189) | (n = 189) | (n = 189) | (n = 188) | |||
| Fish products, g/day | 86.6 (55) | 103.3 (67.2)a | 89.2 (52.6)a,b | 81.6 (47.0)b | 76.1 (49.6)b | 82.9 (53.1)b | <0.001 |
| Meat, g/day | 172.6 (90.4) | 207.4 (107.9)a | 161.2 (82.8)b | 172.5 (87.5)b | 155.8 (75.2)b | 166.0 (86.6)b | <0.001 |
| Processed meat, g/day | 7.0 (6.9) | 8.7 (8.5)a | 7.1 (7.1)a,b,c | 6.6 (6.3)b,c | 6.7 (6.3)a,b,c | 6.1 (5.4)c | 0.001 |
| Dairy products, g/day | 406.6 (253.9) | 448.4 (275.8)a | 404.9 (254.3)a,b | 382.4 (231.5)a,b | 357.7 (193.6)b | 439.9 (293.3)a | 0.269 |
| Refined grains, g/day | 113.2 (69.4) | 139.8 (85.8)a | 115.6 (70.1)b | 107.2 (59.1)b | 105.7 (62.9)b | 97.6 (58.7)b | <0.001 |
| Wholegrains, g/day | 18.5 (32.2) | 19.2 (33.6) | 18.9 (32.0) | 15.1 (25.9) | 19.7 (34.1) | 19.7 (34.8) | 0.814 |
| Breakfast cereals, g/day | 14.6 (19.7) | 17.8 (29.1)a | 15.3 (18.8)a | 13.4 (15.2)a | 14.6 (16.9)a | 12.1 (14.7)a | 0.008 |
| Legumes, g/day | 60.6 (44.2) | 72.0 (64.7)a | 59.6 (37.8)a,b | 58.4 (36.2)b | 57.2 (37.3)b | 55.6 (36.4)b | 0.001 |
| Vegetables, g/day | 205.3 (150.6) | 246.4 (199.8)a | 200.9 (137.9)b | 194.9 (134.7)b | 190.4 (129.7)b | 193.5 (133.1)b | 0.001 |
| Fruits, g/day | 334.7 (250.7) | 430.6 (290.0)a | 338.6 (216.2)b | 310.3 (243.1)b | 292.4 (208.5)b | 301.1 (263.3)b | <0.001 |
| Nuts, g/day | 11.3 (14.5) | 16.1 (19.7)a | 10.8 (13.7)b | 9.4 (10.6)b | 9.7 (11.7)b | 10.6 (14.1)b | <0.001 |
| Olive oil, g/day | 16.6 (14.5) | 17.6 (13.6) | 17.2 (17.2) | 16.9 (13.6) | 15.3 (12.6) | 16.1 (15.0) | 0.141 |
| Cocoa-based products, g/day | 7.4 (7.6) | 2.6 (2.5)a | 3.9 (3.5)a | 5.7 (4.1)b | 8.0 (5.3)c | 16.6 (10.3)d | <0.001 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages, g/day | 54.8 (95.1) | 73.2 (123.2)a | 52.4 (96.5)a,b | 50.6 (94.5)a,b | 55.3 (81.3)a,b | 42.3 (69.4)b | 0.007 |
| Pastry products, g/day | 69.1 (52.5) | 74.2 (54.6) | 67.2 (53.9) | 68.4 (53.5) | 66.5 (46.6) | 73.0 (53.2) | 0.561 |
Data are expressed as mean (SD).
Q, quintiles of flavonoids from cocoa-based products; n, number; SD, standard deviation.
Statistical analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables.
a,b,c,d
Data sharing the different letters are statistically different after Bonferroni post-hoc test. P-for trend were obtained using orthogonal contrasts test. P < 0.05 are considered statistically significant.
Significant differences are bolded.