Table 3.
Nutrients and (poly)phenols intake of participants according to quintiles of flavonoids from cocoa-based products (mg/day).
| Overall (n = 944) | Q1 (<12.1) | Q2 (12.1–32.0) | Q3 (32.1–53.2) | Q4 (53.3–83.8) | Q5 (>83.8) | P-for trend | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 189) | (n = 189) | (n = 189) | (n = 189) | (n = 188) | |||
| Nutrients intake | |||||||
| Energy, Kcal/day | 2,539.2 (601.8) | 3,013.4 (435.9)a | 2,510.9 (490.9)b | 2,402.6 (562.7)b,c | 2,307.3 (614.7)c | 2,461.3 (622.6)b,c | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrates, g/day | 256.5 (72.2) | 303.2 (65.8)a | 255.8 (65.7)b | 240.6 (64.3)b | 236.3 (71.3)b | 246.7 (73.3)b | <0.001 |
| Fiber, g/day | 29.4 (10.7) | 35.5 (11.4)a | 29.1 (8.5)b | 27.6 (9.9)b | 27.2 (10.3)b | 27.6 (10.7)b | <0.001 |
| Proteins, g/day | 120.9 (33.3) | 144.2 (30.1)a | 118.9 (27.8)b | 115.9 (30.8)b,c | 108.3 (30.3)c | 117.5 (35.5)b | <0.001 |
| SFA, g/day | 36.8 (11.5) | 44.2 (11.3)a | 35.8 (9.5)b | 34.6 (10.6)b,c | 32.7 (10.8)c | 36.8 (11.7)b | <0.001 |
| MUFA, g/day | 48.5 (16.2) | 57.0 (14.2)a | 48.1 (15.9)b | 46.4 (15.3)b | 43.8 (15.8)b | 47.2 (16.5)b | <0.001 |
| PUFA, g/day | 19.7 (6.8) | 23.7 (6.4)a | 19.4 (5.7)b | 18.7 (6.2)b | 18.2 (7.3)b | 18.5 (6.9)b | <0.001 |
| Calcium, mg/day | 1,012.9 (391.0) | 1,198.1 (403.5)a | 1,001.6 (354.7)b,c | 959.7 (362.2)b,c | 896.9 (321.2)b | 1,008.1 (440.3)c | <0.001 |
| Vitamin A, μg/day | 1,476.0 (1,465.2) | 1,849.9 (1,719.5)a | 1,542.8 (1,759.5)a,b | 1,342.6 (1,107.7)b | 1,177.2 (754.9)b | 1,467.6 (1,637.2)a,b | 0.001 |
| Vitamin D, μg/day | 5.1 (2.6) | 6.1 (3.0)a | 5.2 (2.4)b | 4.8 (2.4)b | 4.6 (2.5)b | 4.7 (2.4)b | <0.001 |
| (Polyp)phenols intake | |||||||
| Flavonoids, mg/day | 530.1 (331.3) | 482.8 (314.0)a | 440.1 (283.9)a | 460.6 (263.3)a | 490.4 (241.1)a | 777.8 (406.1)b | <0.001 |
| Phenolic acids, mg/day | 97.8 (64.5) | 117.2 (70.8)a | 103.5 (74.4)b | 89.6 (53.8)b | 89.4 (60.4)b | 89.3 (56.5)b | <0.001 |
| Stilbenes, mg/day | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.3) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.677 |
| Lignans, mg/day | 3.8 (5.1) | 5.4 (6.1)a | 3.2 (3.7)b | 3.5 (5.3)b | 3.7 (5.7)b | 3.4 (4.1)b | 0.002 |
| Other, mg/day | 51.3 (34.4) | 59.5 (44.0)a | 55.1 (34.7)a,b | 46.5 (29.7)b | 48.9 (30.8)b | 46.5 (28.6)b | <0.001 |
Data are expressed as mean (SD).
Q, quintiles of flavonoids from cocoa-based products; n, number; SD, standard deviation; SFA, saturated fatty acids; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids. Statistical analyses were conducted using one-way ANOVA for continuous variables and the chi-square test for categorical variables.
a,b,c
Data sharing the different letters are statistically different after Bonferroni post-hoc test. P-for trend were obtained using orthogonal contrasts test. P < 0.05 are considered statistically significant.
Significant differences are bolded.