TABLE 2.
Summary of literature on the effect of neonatal procedural pain on adult anxiety
| Model | Controls | Species | Time of modulation | Time of testing | Behavioral test | Outcome a | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RNP (4 NPs in left hind paw) |
TC, UC |
Rats | P0–P7 | Adult (P56) | OFT, EZM |
↑ time in open arms No effect on open arm entries, head dips, time in center and center crossings |
This study |
| RNP (4 NPs balanced over all paws) | TC, UC | Rats | P0–P7 | Adult (P100) | OFT, EPM |
No effect on time in center or center entries ↑ time in open arms |
Page et al. (2005) |
| RNP (10 NPs balanced over all paws) | TC, handling | Mice | P1–P6 | Adult (P60) | OFT, EPM | No effect on time spend in center or time in open arms | Ranger et al. (2014) |
| RNP (4 NPs in left hind paw) | TC, UC | Rats | P1–P7 | P24–P25 | EPM |
↑ time in open arms No effect on (open) arm entries |
Zuke et al. (2019) |
| RNP (2 NPs on front and hind paw) | Sham | Mice | P8–P14 | P30 | EPM |
↓ open arm entries ↓ time in open arms ↓ head dips ↑ stretch attend postures |
Schellinck et al. (2003) |
| RNP (4 NPs balanced over all paws) | TC | Rats | P0–P7 | P24, P87 | OFT |
↑ distance in center at P24 and P86 ↑ center entries at P24 ↑ time in center at P24 and P87 ↑ total entries at P87 |
Chen et al. (2016) |
| RNP (8 NPs on P1, 6 NPs on P2, 4 NPs on P3, 2 pokes on P4, balanced over all paws) | TC, touch & isolation, UC | Rats | P1–P4 | Adult (P80) | OFT | No effect on distance travelled, time in center or center entries | Mooney‐Leber and Brummelte (2020) |
| RNP (4 NPs in left hind paw) | TC, UC | Rats | P1–P7 | P24, P45 and P66 | Fear conditioning | ↓ Auditory fear conditioning | Davis et al. (2018) |
| RNP (4 NPs, balanced over all paws) | TC | Rats | P0–P7 | Adult (P65) | DWT |
↑ latency to exit ↑ time in PVC tube No effect on open field entries |
Anand et al. (1999) |
NP animals versus control animals.
Abbreviations: DWT, defensive withdrawal testing; EPM, elevated plus maze; EZM, elevated zero maze; NPs, needle pricks; OFT, open field test; P, postnatal day; RNP, repetitive needle pricking; SD, Sprague‐Dawley; TC, tactile and handled control; UC, undisturbed or unhandled controls.