Table 2.
The predictors of vaccine hesitancy—ordinary least squares results.
| Vaccine-hesitant | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
| Female | 0.011 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.011 | 0.011 |
| (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.012) | |
| AgeS | − 0.052*** | − 0.040*** | − 0.038*** | − 0.035*** | − 0.035*** |
| (0.005) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.007) | (0.008) | |
| Post-secondary education | − 0.047*** | − 0.034*** | − 0.034*** | − 0.037*** | − 0.037*** |
| (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.008) | |
| Living with a partner | − 0.042*** | − 0.028** | − 0.028** | − 0.026** | − 0.026** |
| (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.009) | |
| Children in the household | 0.014 | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.009 |
| (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.013) | |
| Equivalised monthly net HH income (in logs)S | − 0.031*** | − 0.032*** | − 0.029*** | − 0.029*** | |
| (0.005) | (0.006) | (0.005) | (0.006) | ||
| Home-owner | − 0.033*** | − 0.033*** | − 0.033*** | − 0.033*** | |
| (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.011) | (0.011) | ||
| Employment status (Ref. = Employed) | |||||
| Unemployed | 0.028 | 0.028 | 0.027 | 0.026 | |
| (0.023) | (0.023) | (0.023) | (0.022) | ||
| Out of labour force (working age) | − 0.030* | − 0.029* | − 0.020 | − 0.020 | |
| (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.016) | (0.015) | ||
| Retired | − 0.027* | − 0.026* | − 0.018 | − 0.018 | |
| (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.017) | ||
| Underlying health condition | − 0.028*** | − 0.031*** | − 0.031*** | ||
| (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.008) | |||
| Ever tested positive for Covid-19 | − 0.014 | − 0.016 | − 0.016 | ||
| (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.014) | |||
| Confidence in governments | − 0.060*** | − 0.060*** | |||
| (0.005) | (0.007) | ||||
| Political orientation (Ref. = Centre) | |||||
| Political orientation: Left | 0.005 | 0.004 | |||
| (0.012) | (0.012) | ||||
| Political orientation: Right | 0.029** | 0.029* | |||
| (0.012) | (0.018) | ||||
| Number of daily deaths/100,000 inhabitants | − 0.008 | ||||
| (4-week average)S | (0.039) | ||||
| Stringency index (2-week average)S | − 0.050 | ||||
| (0.056) | |||||
| Country dummies (Ref. = France) | |||||
| Germany | − 0.083*** | − 0.085*** | − 0.085*** | − 0.065*** | 0.032 |
| (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.017) | (0.105) | |
| Italy | − 0.116*** | − 0.122*** | − 0.122*** | − 0.095*** | 0.001 |
| (0.015) | (0.016) | (0.016) | (0.015) | (0.121) | |
| Spain | − 0.142*** | − 0.146*** | − 0.142*** | − 0.138*** | − 0.107*** |
| (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.015) | (0.035) | |
| Sweden | − 0.096*** | − 0.107*** | − 0.107*** | − 0.098*** | − 0.071** |
| (0.018) | (0.018) | (0.018) | (0.018) | (0.033) | |
| Luxembourg | − 0.047 | − 0.023 | − 0.017 | 0.013 | − 0.029 |
| (0.033) | (0.033) | (0.033) | (0.032) | (0.087) | |
| Observations | 4862 | 4862 | 4862 | 4862 | 4862 |
| Adjusted R2 | 0.052 | 0.062 | 0.063 | 0.095 | 0.095 |
All regressions include day-of-interview fixed effects. All continuous independent variables are standardised: these are indicated by a S next to the variable name. Standard errors in column (5) are clustered at the country*day of the interview level.
*, **, and *** indicate respectively significance at the 10%, 5% and 1% levels.