Table 2.

Description of the parameter values for the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy (Days 1–22). Parameters marked by * are obtained through methods in Sect. 4.1. Parameter $p=p_1(0)=S_1(0)/N(0)$

	Parameter Definition	Italy	Units	Reference
${\overline{\beta }}_1^{\ast }$	SilS mean asymptomatic transmission rate	0.498	Days${}^{-1}$	–
${\overline{\beta }}_2^{\ast }$	SymS mean asymptomatic transmission rate	0.729	Days${}^{-1}$	–
${\overline{\beta }}_3^{\ast }$	SymS mean symptomatic transmission rate	0.0209	Days${}^{-1}$	–
${\alpha }_1^{-1}$	SilS latent period	3.2	Days	Lauer et al. (2020)
${\alpha }_2^{-1}$	SymS latent period	3.2	Days	Lauer et al. (2020)
${\delta }_1^{-1\ast }$	SilS duration of asymptomatic stage	18.8	Days	–
${\delta }_2^{-1}$	SymS duration of asymptomatic stage	2.3	Days	Bi et al. (2020)
${\mu }^{\ast }$	Disease-induced death rate	0.0149	Days${}^{-1}$	–
${\gamma }^{\ast }$	Recovery rate	0.0217	Days${}^{-1}$	–
N	Total population size	60000000	Individuals	Giordano et al. (2020)
$p^{\ast }$	SilS initial fraction in population	0.2018	-	–