. 2021 Nov 15;1509(1):23–36. doi: 10.1111/nyas.14705

Table 4.

The effect of calcium supplementation during pregnancy on offspring bone health, in comparison with placebo

Study	Raman et al. ¹²	Wang et al. ¹³	Koo et al. ¹⁷	Diogenes et al. ¹⁸	Jarjou et al. ¹⁹			Ward et al. ²²
Time point	Neonatal	Neonatal	Within the first week	5 weeks	2 weeks	13 weeks	52 weeks	8–12 years
Whole body			BMD NS BMC NS BA NS	BMD NS BMC NS BA NS	BMD NS BMC NS BA NS	BMD NS BMC NS BA NS	BMD NS BMC NS^b BA NS^b	BMC ↓ F/NS M ns F/NS M BA ↓ F/NS M^c ns F/NS M^d
Lumbar spine			BMD NS BMC NS BA NS					BMC ↓ F/NS M NS F/NS M BA NS F/NS M^c NS F/NS M^d
Total hip								BMC ↓ F/NS M NS F/NS M BA ↓ F/NS M^c NS F/NS M^d
Midshaft radius/radius/ulna/tibia/fibula	BMD ↑^a	BMD ↑			BMD NS BMC NS BA NS	BMD NS BMC NS BA NS	BMD NS BMC NS BA NS	tot vBMD NS F/NS M^c NS F/NS M^d BMC NS F/NS M^c NS F/NS M^d

NS, no significant differences between the study groups; ↑, significantly higher compared with the placebo, P ≤ 0.05; ↓, significantly lower compared with the placebo, P ≤ 0.05.

^{^a}

Considering both studied calcium supplementation groups (300 and 600 mg).

^{^b}

Significantly slower increase in BMC and BA between the age of 2 and 52 weeks in the calcium supplementation group.

^{^c}

In the study by Ward et al., ²² two models were constructed to test for sex*supplement effects on the growth of the children at 8–12 years. The first model included length at 52 weeks, current age, sex (M/F), maternal supplement group (Ca/P), and a sex*supplement group interaction.

^{^d}

In the study by Ward et al., ²² two models were constructed to test for sex*supplement effects on the growth of the children at 8–12 years. The second model was based on the first but adjusted the bone and body composition data for current body size, using height and weight for bone variables and height for lean and fat masses.

BA, bone area (cm²); BMC, bone mineral content (g); BMD, bone mass density (g/cm²); F, female; M, male; tot vBMD, total volumetric BMD (g/cm³).