TABLE 4.
Association between demographic and clinical characteristics and help-seeking (yes/no) in individuals with MDD.
| Characteristics | Univariable, OR (95% CI) | p | Multivariable, OR (95% CI) | p | |
| Sex | Male | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 2.25 (1.34–3.78) | 0.002 | 2.40 (1.36–4.22) | 0.003 | |
| Resident area | Rural | 1 | - | - | |
| Urban | 1.31 (0.82–2.07) | 0.256 | - | - | |
| Age range | 55+ | 1 | 1 | ||
| 40–54 | 1.40 (0.87–2.25) | 0.166 | 0.93 (0.50–1.72) | 0.805 | |
| 18–39 | 2.26 (1.29–3.97) | 0.004 | 1.25 (0.57–2.73) | 0.583 | |
| Years of education | 0–6 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 7–9 | 1.13 (0.67–1.92) | 0.645 | 1.28 (0.69–2.38) | 0.434 | |
| 10–12 | 1.90 (1.06–3.40) | 0.031 | 2.08 (1.04–4.15) | 0.037 | |
| 13+ | 3.19 (1.63–6.22) | 0.001 | 2.72 (1.19–6.20) | 0.017 | |
| Marital status | Married | 1 | - | - | |
| Never married/divorce/lose spouse | 1.02 (0.65–1.58) | 0.941 | - | - | |
| Employment status | Unemployed/lost job/retired | 1 | - | - | |
| Employed | 1.46 (0.93–2.29) | 0.096 | - | - | |
| Housewife | 1.64 (0.85–3.15) | 0.139 | - | - | |
| Income group | Below median or do not know | 1 | - | - | |
| Above median | 1.32 (0.86–2.01) | 0.204 | - | - | |
| Living status | Alone | 1 | - | - | |
| Not alone | 1.49 (0.85–2.61) | 0.159 | - | - | |
| GHQ-12 score | <4 | 1 | - | - | |
| ≥4 | 1.33 (0.87–2.01) | 0.186 | - | - | |
| GAF disability | Moderate to severe | 1 | - | - | |
| Mild | 1.05 (0.68–1.63) | 0.814 | - | - | |
| Comorbid anxiety disorders | No | 1 | |||
| Yes | 3.91 (2.09–7.32) | <0.001 | 3.76 (1.91–7.38) | <0.001 | |
| Comorbid substance use disorders | No | 1 | - | - | |
| Yes | 1.00 (0.48–2.07) | 0.995 | - | - | |
| Comorbid psychotic disorders | No | 1 | - | - | |
| Yes | 3.88 (0.64–23.51) | 0.140 | - | - | |
| Age at first onset | 55+ | 1 | - | - | |
| 40–54 | 1.34 (0.78–2.30) | 0.284 | - | - | |
| 18–39 | 1.64 (0.97–2.78) | 0.064 | - | - |
Confidence intervals and p-values in bold type as statistically significant at the p < 0.05 level.