Fig. 4.

Spread trajectories of the four species that invaded most of the European territory: (a) the raccoon dog, (b) the muskrat, (c) the American mink, and (d) the raccoon. Countries are graded from the country invaded earliest (darker) to the latest (lighter). Year of the first record (when available) is shown. Countries without the presence (established or casual) of the species are shown in grey.

[Correction added on 9 February 2022, after first online publication: Figure 4 has been replaced.]