TABLE 1.
Anthropometric measures and blood pressure at the age of 9 years in the offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus treated with metformin or insulin
| All children | Boys | Girls | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metformin | Insulin | P value | Metformin | Insulin | P value | Metformin | Insulin | P value | |
| n = 82 | n = 90 | n = 42 | n = 44 | n = 40 | n = 46 | ||||
| Age, years | 9.0 (9.0‐9.1) | 9.0 (9.0‐9.1) | 0.50† | 9.0 (9.0‐9.1) | 9.0 (9.0‐9.1) | 0.27† | 9.0 (9.0‐9.1) | 9.1 (9.0‐9.1) | 0.87† |
| Height, cm | 136.7 ± 6.01 | 136.4 ± 6.66 | 0.74 | 137.5 ± 6.12 | 137.9 ± 7.43 | 0.80 | 135.9 ± 5.86 | 135.0 ± 5.56 | 0.46 |
| Relative height, SD | 0.11 ± 1.06 | 0.09 ± 1.12 | 0.90 | 0.14 ± 1.11 | 0.26 ± 1.31 | 0.66 | 0.09 ± 1.01 | ‐0.06 ± 0.90 | 0.47 |
| Weight, kg | 32.6 (29.5‐37.9) | 32.8 (28.6‐40.5) | 0.92† | 32.3 (29.0‐39.1) | 33.8 (28.5‐40.6) | 0.62† | 33.5 (29.8‐37.0) | 32.0 (28.6‐39.5) | 0.49† |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 17.5 (16.3‐19.4) | 17.7 (16.1‐20.1) | 0.78† | 17.3 (16.0‐18.8) | 17.9 (16.3‐20.8) | 0.46† | 17.8 (16.9‐19.6) | 17.6 (16.0‐20.0) | 0.79† |
| Normal weight§ (adjusted BMI < 25.0 kg/m2) | 60 (73.2) | 60 (66.7) | 0.35‡ | 32 (76.2) | 31 (70.5) | 0.55‡ | 28 (70.0) | 29 (63.0) | 0.50‡ |
| Overweight or obese§ (adjusted BMI ≥ 25.0 kg/m2) | 22 (26.8) | 30 (33.3) | 10 (23.8) | 13 (29.5) | 12 (30.0) | 17 (37.0) | |||
| Waist circumference, cm | 59.3 (56.2‐64.5) | 59.7 (55.9‐66.9) | 0.55† | 59.3 (56.1‐64.1) | 61.7 (58.2‐69.9) | 0.17† | 59.4 (56.2‐64.8) | 58.2 (54.8‐65.5) | 0.69† |
| Waist: height ratio | 0.43 (0.4‐0.5) | 0.44 (0.4‐0.5) | 0.20† | 0.43 (0.4‐0.5) | 0.45 (0.4‐0.50) | 0.06† | 0.44 (0.4‐0.5) | 0.44 (0.4‐0.5) | 0.92† |
| Waist: height ratio < 0.5 | 69 (84.1) | 76 (84.4) | 0.96‡ | 36 (85.7) | 36 (81.8) | 0.63‡ | 33 (82.5) | 40 (87.0) | 0.57‡ |
| Waist: height ratio > 0.5 | 13 (15.9) | 14 (15.6) | 6 (14.3) | 8 (18.2) | 7 (17.5) | 6 (13.0) | |||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 106.0 ± 9.38 | 104.8 ± 9.84 | 0.43 | 106.5 ± 9.22 | 107.2 ± 9.97 | 0.76 | 105.3 ± 9.62 | 102.5 ± 9.24 | 0.42† |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 59.4 ± 7.35 | 60.2 ± 7.57 | 0.45 | 61.9 ± 7.62 | 60.1 ± 7.53 | 0.23† | 58.7 ± 7.10 | 58.7 ± 7.36 | 1.00 |
Note: Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range) or n (%). The t‐test was used unless stated otherwise (†Mann‐Whitney U‐test, chi‐squared or ‡Fisher's exact test). §Age‐ and sex‐specific adjusted BMI cut‐off points are used according to Cole et al. 25
Abbreviations: BP, blood pressure; BMI, body mass index.