TABLE 2.
Lipid, glucose and insulin values at the age of 9 years in the offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes mellitus treated with metformin or insulin
| All children | Boys | Girls | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metformin | Insulin | P value | Metformin | Insulin | P value | Metformin | Insulin | P value | |
| n = 78 | n = 89 | n = 39 | n = 43 | n = 39 | n = 46 | ||||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.45 ± 0.71 | 4.56 ± 0.69 | 0.35 | 4.48 ± 0.67 | 4.55 ± 0.65 | 0.62 | 4.43 ± 0.76 | 4.56 ± 0.72 | 0.34† |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.39 (2.1‐2.8) | 2.58 (2.2‐2.9) | 0.046† | 2.41 (2.1‐2.8) | 2.57 (2.2‐2.9) | 0.21 | 2.38 (2.1‐2.7) | 2.64 (2.3‐2.9) | 0.12† |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.72 (1.5‐1.9) | 1.54 (1.4‐1.8) | 0.039† | 1.85 (1.6‐2.0) | 1.54 (1.5‐1.8) | 0.003† | 1.55 (1.3‐1.8) | 1.55 (1.4‐1.8) | 0.89 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.58 (0.4‐0.8) | 0.61 (0.5‐0.7) | 0.24† | 0.52 (0.4‐0.7) | 0.63 (0.5‐0.8) | 0.059† | 0.63 (0.5‐0.8) | 0.61 (0.5‐0.7) | 0.73† |
| HDL/total cholesterol ratio | 0.39 ± 0.09 | 0.36 ± 0.07 | 0.015 | 0.41 ± 0.09 | 0.36 ± 0.07 | 0.002† | 0.36 ± 0.09 | 0.35 ± 0.07 | 0.59 |
| HDL/LDL ratio | 0.73 (0.6‐0.9) | 0.61 (0.5‐0.7) | 0.006† | 0.76 (0.6‐0.9) | 0.59 (0.5‐0.7) | 0.003† | 0.66 (0.5‐0.8) | 0.63 (0.5‐0.7) | 0.32 |
| Non‐HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.66 (2.4‐3.1) | 2.97 (2.5‐3.4) | 0.028† | 2.57 (2.3‐3.1) | 2.96 (2.5‐3.4) | 0.07 | 2.75 (2.5‐3.0) | 3.00 (2.4‐3.3) | 0.21† |
| ApoA1, g/L | 1.46 ± 0.17 | 1.47 ± 0.18 | 0.69 | 1.50 ± 0.15 | 1.50 ± 0.17 | 0.95 | 1.42 ± 0.17 | 1.44 ± 0.18 | 0.59 |
| ApoB, g/L | 0.63 (0.6‐0.7) | 0.67 (0.6‐0.8) | 0.043† | 0.62 (0.5‐0.7) | 0.66 (0.6‐0.8) | 0.19 | 0.64 (0.6‐0.7) | 0.68 (0.6‐0.8) | 0.15† |
| ApoA1/ApoB ratio | 2.39 ± 0.59 | 2.27 ± 0.55 | 0.17 | 2.53 ± 0.58 | 2.37 ± 0.59 | 0.13† | 2.25 ± 0.57 | 2.18 ± 0.50 | 0.52 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 36.2 (34.5‐37.6) | 35.7 (34.7‐37.6) | 0.40† | 36.7 (34.7‐37.6) | 36.7 (34.5‐37.6) | 0.84† | 35.7 (33.8‐37.1) | 35.7 (35.7‐37.6) | 0.32† |
| HbA1c, % | 5.40 (5.2‐5.5) | 5.40 (5.3‐5.5) | 0.41† | 5.40 (5.2‐5.5) | 5.40 (5.2‐5.5) | 0.90† | 5.40 (5.2‐5.5) | 5.40 (5.3‐5.5) | 0.32† |
| HOMA‐IR | 1.71 (1.0‐2.7) | 1.86 (1.1‐3.1) | 0.45† | 1.55 (0.9‐2.5) | 1.73 (1.0‐3.0) | 0.51† | 1.92 (1.2‐2.8) | 2.06 (1.2‐3.2) | 0.70† |
| OGTT result | |||||||||
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.0 (4.8‐5.0) | 5.1 (4.8‐5.3) | 0.32† | 5.0 (4.8‐5.3) | 5.2 (4.9‐5.4) | 0.13† | 5.0 (4.8‐5.2) | 4.9 (4.8‐5.3) | 0.96 |
| 0.5 ‐h glucose, mmol/L | 8.3 ± 1.44 | 8.5 ± 1.67 | 0.54 | 8.4 ± 1.78 | 8.4 ± 1.57 | 0.92 | 8.2 ± 1.00 | 8.5 ± 1.78 | 0.40 |
| 2‐h glucose, mmol/L | 5.5 ± 1.08 | 5.7 ± 0.98 | 0.23 | 5.3 ± 1.02 | 5.9 ± 1.12 | 0.015† | 5.8 ± 1.09 | 5.6 ± 0.83 | 0.32 |
| Fasting insulin, mU/L | 7.5 (4.8‐12.1) | 8.5 (5.3‐13.6) | 0.52† | 6.6 (4.5‐10.6) | 7.2 (4.4‐13.0) | 0.57† | 9.0 (5.6‐13.0) | 9.5 (5.7‐14.9) | 0.76† |
| 0.5‐h insulin, mU/L | 57.4 (43.0‐84.3) | 61.7 (38.0‐88.4) | 0.93† | 54.2 (43.9‐75.8) | 61.6 (36.6‐79.2) | 0.86† | 57.9 (42.9‐90.5) | 63.2 (47.5‐101.6) | 0.79† |
| 2‐h insulin, mU/L | 29.8 (20.2‐44.3) | 31.8 (20.8‐47.4) | 0.62† | 25.9 (14.4‐36.6) | 29.1 (20.0‐38.3) | 0.16† | 37.9 (28.4‐61.4) | 33.4 (25.9‐52.6) | 0.47† |
| Fasting C‐peptide, ng/mL | 1.17 (1.0‐1.6) | 1.23 (0.9‐1.7) | 0.69† | 1.16 (0.9‐1.4) | 1.23 (0.9‐1.7) | 0.41† | 1.17 (1.0‐1.7) | 1.22 (0.9‐1.7) | 0.85† |
| 0.5‐h C‐peptide, ng/mL | 5.03 (3.9‐7.1) | 5.51 (4.0‐6.7) | 0.93† | 4.95 (3.9‐6.8) | 5.27 (3.7‐6.7) | 0.90 | 5.08 (4.3‐7.3) | 5.58 (4.5‐7.2) | 0.88† |
| 2‐h C‐peptide, ng/mL | 4.44 (3.3‐6.0) | 4.55 (3.3‐6.0) | 0.91† | 4.12 (3.0‐5.1) | 4.49 (3.5‐5.7) | 0.13† | 5.55 (4.0‐6.9) | 4.55 (3.3‐6.3) | 0.20† |
Note: Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range) or n (%). The t‐test was used unless stated otherwise (†Mann‐Whitney U‐test).
Abbreviations: ApoA1, apolipoprotein A1; ApoB, apolipoprotein B; HbA1c, glycated haemoglobin; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; HOMA‐IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.