Figure 5. CoNPs induces oxidative stress in C. elegans.

VP596 L1 C elegans nematodes (with oxidative stress inducible gst-4p::GFP and stably expressed dop-3::RFP) were exposed to CoNPS at 0, 25, 50, and 75 μg/mL for 12 h in the absence of food. GFP and RFP signals were then measured with a fluorescent microplate reader. The experiment was independently performed twice, each with 3 technical replicates with 1000 animals per well. Oxidative stress levels (using GFP intensity as a proxy) were standardized by number of nematodes using RFP intensity. The GFP/RFP ratio of control group (treated with 0 μg/mL of CoNPs) was set to 1. * P < 0.05, *** P < 0.001 compared with control group using one way ANOVA and Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test.