Table 1.
Commonly characterized features of nanomaterials
| Parameter | Values for CoNPs | Method used |
|---|---|---|
| Composition (%). Refers to the elements that make the nanomaterial and the coating. | Cobalt Carbon < 8% |
Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) |
| Endotoxin contamination. Nanomaterials can be contaminated with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) during production or handling | Under detection limit (0.01 EU/mL) | Tachypleus Amebocyte Lysate (TAL) |
| Size [nm] average (Min-Max), in water or organic solvent* | In ddH2O: 34.89 (13.34–85.79) | Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) |
| Z-average [d,nm], in water or organic solvent* | In water: 1404 ± 191.9 | Dynamic light scattering (DLS) |
| Polydispersity, in water or organic solvent* | In water: 0.751 | DLS |
| Zeta potential [mV], in water or organic solvent* | In water: 8.67 ± 3.78 | DLS |
| Ion dissolution, at 2 h, 12 h, and 48 h. Timing depends on exposure duration | 24 h: 39.75 ± 1.21 48 h: 45.16 ± 2.50 |
ICP-MS |
| Purity | >99% | Trace metal analysis |
*
The characteristics in an organic solvent is only needed if the nanomaterial is preferably delivered using the specific solvent.