Table 1.
Sensitivity of individual antigen/antibody targets in commercially available RDTs evaluated to date for detecting P. knowlesi.
| RDT name (manufacturer; product code) | WHO RDT testing round/product code | Target antibody (epitope) | Target Plasmodium species | Sensitivity for P. knowlesi, n/N, % (95% CI) | Parasitaemia Median parasites/μL, (IQR) [range] | Lowest parasite count/μL detected | Location | Year | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Response Malaria Antigen pLDH/HRP2 Combo Card Test Premier Medical Corporation Ltd., Mumbai, India | 1, 2 I16FRC25 |
Pan-pLDH | P. genus | 30/34, 88 (73–95) | 7493 [907–584,018] | 907 | Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia | 2013 | Barber et al., (2013) |
| Pf-HRP2 | P. falciparum | 0/34, 0 (0) | |||||||
| ParaHIT Total Dipstick SPAN Diagnostics, Ltd., Surat, India | 1, 2 55IC204-10 |
Pan-aldolase | P. genus | 22/96, 23 (16–32) | 50,794 [395–340,954] | 4412 | Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia | 2013 | Barber et al., (2013) |
| Pf-HRP2 | P. falciparum | 0/96, 0 (0) | |||||||
| BinaxNOW Malaria Inverness Medical Innovations, Inc., FL, USA | 1, 2 IN660050 |
Pan-aldolase | P. genus | 8/28, 29 (12–26) | 9131 [159–911,616] | 1/12 for <500/μL | Sarikei, Sarawak, Malaysia | 2014 | Foster et al., (2014) |
| Pf-HRP2 | P. falciparum | 0/28, 0 (0) | 9131 [159–911,616] | NA | |||||
| Paramax-3 Rapid Test for Malaria Pan/Pv/Pf Zephyr Biomedicals, India | 1, 2 50320025 |
Pan-pLDH | P. genus | 10/25, 40 (21–59) | 9131 [159–911,616] | 2/6 for <5000/μL | Sarikei, Sarawak, Malaysia | 2014 | Foster et al., (2014) |
| Pv-pLDH | P. vivax | 8/25, 32 (15–54) | 9131 [159–911,616] | 1/8 for <500/μL | |||||
| Pf-HRP2 | P. falciparum | 1/25a, 4 (0–20) | 9131 [159–911,616] | — | |||||
| OptiMAL-IT DiaMed, CA, USA | 1, 3 710024 |
Pf-pLDH (17E4) | P. falciparum | 18/28, 64 (44–81) | 9131 [159–911,616] | 1/3 for <500/μL | Sarikei, Sarawak, Malaysia | 2014 | Foster et al., (2014) |
| 55/190, 29 (22–35) | 2301 [30–641,464] | 30parasite/μL | Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia | 2014 | Grigg et al., (2014) | ||||
| Pan-pLDH (19G4) | P. genus | 20/28, 71 (54–88) | 9131 [159–911,616] | 1/3 for <500/μL | Sarikei, Sarawak, Malaysia | 2014 | Foster et al., (2014) | ||
| 57/189, 30 (24–37) | 2301 [30–641,464] | 30parasite/μL | Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia | 2014 | Grigg et al., (2014) | ||||
| CareStart™ Malaria HRP2/pLDH (Pf/VOM) Combo Access Bio, Inc. NJ, USA | 2, 4 G0171 |
VOM-pLDH | P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae | 77/178, 43 (36–51) | 2301 [30–641,464] | 50 parasites/μL | Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia | 2014 | Grigg et al., (2014) |
| Pf-HRP2 | P. falciparum | 4/183a, 2 (0–4) | 2301 [30–641,464] | — |
a
False positive Pf-HRP2 result.
Systematic evaluations, pre-treatment, fresh whole blood samples only.