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. 2021 Nov 29;45(3):620–636. doi: 10.1111/pce.14213

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Root phenes for enhanced root penetration in hard soils. (a) Roots with a greater root diameter, greater stele area, many cortical cell files, small cortical cells in the outer cortex, (b) long, dense root hairs and (c) and a reduced root tip radius to length ratio enhance root penetration in hard soils [Color figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]