TABLE 1.

Risk factors identified by scoping review of literature

	Risk factor	Delirium	Falls	Incontinence	Immobility	Loss of function
Non modifiable	Age	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
	Cognitive impairment/delirium	✓	✓	✓		✓
	Illness severity	✓			✓	✓
	Co‐morbidity	✓	✓	✓ (stroke)	✓	✓
	Fracture at presentation	✓			✓
	Previous fall		✓		✓
Modifiable Patient‐related factors	Visual impairment/not wearing glasses	✓	✓			✓
	Hearing impairment	Evidence gap				✓
	Polypharmacy	✓	✓			✓
	Benzodiazepines	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
	Anticholinergic drugs	✓	✓
	Opiates	✓			✓	✓
	Antihypertensives	(dihydropyridines) ✓	✓	✓ (diuretics)
	Diuretics		✓	✓
	Psychotropic drugs		✓		✓
	High fluid intake			✓
	Dehydration	✓
	Electrolyte disturbance	✓
	Depression	Evidence gap			✓	✓
	Infection	✓		✓ (UTI)	✓
	Incontinence	Evidence gap	✓
	Bladder catheter	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
	Urinary retention	✓		✓
	Pain	✓		✓	✓	✓
	Low BMI/poor nutritional intake				✓	✓
	Footwear		✓
	Mobility problems		✓	✓	✓	✓
	Balance problems		✓		✓	✓
	Syncope		✓
Modifiable – due to ward culture
	Caffeinated drinks			✓
	Physical or chemical restraints	✓		✓	✓	✓
	Drips, lines, monitors	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓
	Sleep disturbance	✓			✓
	Prolonged bed rest			✓	✓	✓
	Lack of correct walking aid		✓	✓	✓	✓
Modifiable – time/resource dependent	Delays to answering call bells		✓	✓	✓
	Room changes	✓
Modifiable – environmental factors	Isolation				✓	✓
	No clock or watch	✓
	Incorrect equipment (chairs, walkers)		✓		✓	✓
Hard to modify – environment (estates)	Flooring		✓		✓
	Lighting	✓	✓
	Furniture and fittings		✓	✓	✓	✓
	Unfamiliar environment	✓	✓	✓	✓	✓