TABLE 3.
Multivariable regression using the categorical approach for both outcomes: In‐hospital mortality and length of stay (LOS)
| Scale | Mortality | LOS | Exposed (n died (%)) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Multivariable | |||||
| OR | 95% CI | Exp(B) | 95% CI | ||
| ABC 6 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 25,096 (781 (3.1%)) | |||
| Low burden | 0.60 | 0.25–1.21 | 0.97 | 0.88–1.06 | 252 (7 (2.8%)) |
| High burden | 1.38 | 1.10–1.71 | 1.03 | 0.98–1.09 | 1744 (125 (7.2%)) |
| AEC 7 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 20,728 (611 (2.9%)) | |||
| Low burden | 1.13 | 0.95–1.34 | 1.00 | 0.97–1.03 | 4784 (203 (4.2%)) |
| High burden | 1.54 | 1.20–1.94 | 0.95 | 0.90–1.00 | 1580 (99 (6.3%)) |
| ACB 9 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 15,993 (411 (2.6%)) | |||
| Low burden | 1.24 | 1.04–1.48 | 0.99 | 0.96–1.01 | 6020 (219 (3.6%)) |
| High burden | 1.66 | 1.40–1.96 | 0.97 | 0.94–0.99 | 5079 (283 (5.6%)) |
| AIS 8 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 11,532 (295 (2.6%)) | |||
| Low burden | 1.03 | 0.85–1.24 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 7811 (211 (2.7%)) |
| High burden | 1.60 | 1.36–1.88 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 7749 (406 (5.2%)) |
| CABS 10 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 23,444 (679 (2.9%)) | |||
| Low burden | 1.69 | 1.32–2.14 | 1.03 | 0.98–1.07 | 1376 (91 (6.6%)) |
| High burden | 1.45 | 1.17–1.78 | 0.97 | 0.92–1.02 | 2272 (143 (6.3%)) |
| Chew 12 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 18,548 (535 (2.9%)) | |||
| Low burden | 1.06 | 0.90–1.25 | 1.02 | 1.00–1.05 | 5986 (233 (3.9%)) |
| High burden | 1.40 | 1.14–1.71 | 1.08 | 1.02–1.14 | 2558 (145 (5.7%)) |
| AAS 14 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 21,777 (620 (2.8%)) | |||
| Low burden | 1.19 | 0.96–1.46 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.02 | 2604 (128 (4.9%)) |
| High burden | 1.39 | 1.14–1.68 | 0.98 | 0.94–1.02 | 2711 (165 (6.1%)) |
| ARS 21 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 22,015 (639 (2.9%)) | |||
| Low burden | 1.27 | 1.06–1.52 | 0.97 | 0.95–1.00 | 3806 (177 (4.7%)) |
| High burden | 2.03 | 1.59–2.58 | 1.04 | 0.99–1.10 | 1271 (97 (7.6%)) |
| ACL 22 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 19,473 (603 (3.1%)) | |||
| Low burden | 1.02 | 0.86–1.21 | 1.02 | 1.00–1.05 | 5506 (191 (3.5%)) |
| High burden | 1.54 | 1.23–1.90 | 1.10 | 1.04–1.17 | 2113 (119 (5.6%)) |
| CrAS 15 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 16,621 (470 (2.8%)) | |||
| Low burden | 1.08 | 0.90–1.28 | 1.02 | 1.00–1.04 | 6698 (205 (3.1%)) |
| High burden | 1.90 | 1.59–2.25 | 1.05 | 1.01–1.09 | 3773 (238 (6.3%)) |
| ADS 11 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 16,306 (426 (2.6%)) | |||
| Low burden | 1.26 | 1.07–1.48 | 1.04 | 1.02–1.06 | 7613 (265 (3.5%)) |
| High burden | 2.32 | 1.94–2.77 | 1.08 | 1.04–1.13 | 3173 (222 (7.0%)) |
| SCDL 23 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 17,518 (527 (3.0%)) | |||
| Low burden | 0.72 | 0.59 – 0.87 | 0.93 | 0.89–0.97 | 6272 (150 (2.4%)) |
| High burden | 2.78 | 2.34–3.30 | 1.11 | 1.07–1.15 | 3302 (236 (7.1%)) |
| PI 19 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 24,893 (789 (3.2%)) | |||
| Low burden | 2.46 | 0.40–8.15 | 1.06 | 0.85–1.31 | 62 (2 (3.2%)) |
| High burden | 1.32 | 1.05–1.64 | 0.97 | 0.93–1.00 | 2137 (122 (5.7%)) |
| CI 19 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 24,913 (788 (3.2%)) | |||
| Low burden | 1.06 | 0.44–2.18 | 1.05 | 0.93–1.18 | 173 (7 (4.0%)) |
| High burden | 1.35 | 1.08–1.69 | 0.96 | 0.92–0.99 | 2006 (118 (5.9%)) |
| GABS 18 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 10,057 (265 (2.6%)) | |||
| Low burden | 0.98 | 0.81–1.18 | 0.98 | 0.96–0.99 | 8529 (122 (2.6%)) |
| High burden | 1.49 | 1.27–1.77 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.03 | 8506 (426 (5.0%)) |
| DS 13 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 11,404 (281 (2.5%)) | |||
| Low burden | 0.92 | 0.76–1.11 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.01 | 7898 (196 (2.5%)) |
| High burden | 1.79 | 1.52–2.11 | 1.03 | 1.00–1.05 | 7790 (436 (5.6%)) |
| BAADS 20 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 11,257 (276 (2.5%)) | |||
| Low burden | 0.97 | 0.80–1.17 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 7692 (197 (2.6%)) |
| High burden | 1.67 | 1.42–1.96 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.03 | 8143 (440 (5.4%)) |
| KABS 17 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 14,287 (366 (2.6%)) | |||
| Low burden | 1.16 | 0.97–1.38 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 7129 (231 (3.2%)) |
| High burden | 1.74 | 1.48–2.05 | 1.01 | 0.98–1.03 | 5676 (316 (5.6%)) |
| ATS 24 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 25,722 (797 (3.1%)) | |||
| Low burden | 1.50 | 0.94–2.29 | 1.14 | 1.05–1.24 | 415 (24 (5.8%)) |
| High burden | 2.24 | 1.74–2.87 | 1.00 | 0.94–1.06 | 955 (92 (9.6%)) |
| DRS 16 | |||||
| No burden | Reference | 13,523 (346 (2.6%)) | |||
| Low burden | 1.14 | 0.96–1.35 | 1.01 | 1.00–1.03 | 7875 (252 (3.2%)) |
| High burden | 1.75 | 1.48–2.07 | 1.04 | 1.01–1.07 | 5694 (315 (5.5%)) |
Note: Far‐left column: individual ABS; two columns on the far right: absolute number of patients and percentage of prevalence of in‐hospital deaths for each group. Multivariable analysis is adjusted for age, sex, dementia, delirium, congestive heart failure, hemiplegia/paraplegia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatic diseases, diabetes, liver disease, cancer, renal disease, cerebrovascular disease, acute myocardial infarction, peripheral vascular disease, peptic ulcer and categorical C‐reactive protein. For the univariable analysis and analysis adjusted only for age and sex; see supporting information Tables S4.3 and S4.4. For LOS, the back‐transformed estimate coefficient to the power of e is depicted as Exp(B) and can be interpreted as ABC Exp(B): 1.04, 4% longer hospitalisation stay.
Abbreviations: AAS, Anticholinergic Activity Scale; ABC, Anticholinergic Burden Classification; ACB, Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden Scale; ACL, Anticholinergic Loading Scale; ADS, Anticholinergic Drug Scale; AEC, Anticholinergic Effect on Cognition; AIS, Anticholinergic Impregnation Scale; ARS, Anticholinergic Risk Scale; ATS, Anticholinergic Toxicity Scale; BAADS, Brazilian Anticholinergic Activity Drug Scale; CABS, Cancelli's Anticholinergic Burden Scale; CI, Clinical Index; CrAS, Clinician‐rated Anticholinergic Scale; DRS, Delirogenic Risk Scale; DS, Duran Scale; GABS, German Anticholinergic Burden Scale; KABS, Korean Anticholinergic Burden Scale; PI, Minzenberg's Pharmacological index; SCDL, Summer's Class of Drug List.