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. 2022 Jul 13;11:e78909. doi: 10.7554/eLife.78909

Table 1. Child impact on career for parents.

Odds ratio (women/men) values were based on ordinal logistic regression. Standard errors were clustered at the institution level. Control variables include discipline, race, and type of partner job.

All Trainee Early career Middle career Late career
Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men Women Men
Negative (%) 71.3 48.6 79.3 60.2 79.1 66.4 75.5 59.1 60.9 37.3
Neutral (%) 14.7 26.2 9.6 21.2 9.7 16.5 13.1 19.1 20 33
Positive (%) 14.1 25.2 11.1 18.6 11.2 17.1 11.4 21.9 19.2 29.7
N 3,105 2,530 208 118 618 333 1,172 745 1,107 1,334
OR, 95% CI, p-value 0.46 [0.41,0.51], P=0.000 0.34 [0.20,0.61], P=0.000 0.52 [0.39,0.70], P=0.000 0.47 [0.40,0.56], P=0.000 0.43 [0.37,0.51], P=0.000