Table 1.
Common sources, types, and examples of real‐world data
| Source | Type | Subtype | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Administrative | Third‐party payer claims | Closed networks | IBM MarketScan, IQVIA PharMetrics, Optum Clinformatics |
| Open networks | IQVIA LAAD, DRG RWD, Symphony IDV | ||
| Government | CMS FFS Medicare, Medicaid, VA/DOD | ||
| Hospital chargemaster | Premier, Vizient, IQVIA CDM | ||
| Pharmacy | Surescripts, IQVIA NDTI | ||
| Electronic health records | Care setting | Hospitals | Cerner, Epic, Athena |
| Clinics | IQVIA AEMR, Optum Panther, IBM Explorys | ||
| Long‐term care/Home health | PointClickCare Lighthouse, Optima/Net Health | ||
| Disease | Oncology | Flatiron, Ontada, ConcertAI | |
| Behavioral health | Kareo, SimplePractice, Valant | ||
| Other | Praxis, TSI Healthcare, Phillips | ||
| Patients | Health surveys | Private | Kantar Health NHWS, Gallup National Health |
| Public | NHANES, MEPS | ||
| Outcome measures | Kantar Health, Evidation Health | ||
| Multidimensional | PatientsLikeMe, Ciitizen | ||
| Consumer genetic testing | 23andMe, Ancestry.com | ||
| Social determinants of health | IQVIA/Experian, MarketScan HPM, Optum SES | ||
| Medical devices | Glooko, Livongo | ||
| Mobile device biometrics | Smartphones | iPhone (HealthKit), Android (Google Fit) | |
| Smart watches | Apple Watch (HealthKit), Fitbit (Google Fit) | ||
| Diagnostics | Laboratory testing | Genetic testing | Invitae, Neogenomics, Ambry Genetics |
| Other | Quest, LabCorp | ||
| Clinicogenomics | Oncology | AACR GENIE, Optum Clinicogenomics | |
| Population genomics | NHGRI 1000 Genomes Project, NIH All of Us | ||
| Diagnostic imaging | Life Image, Ambra Health | ||
| Other | Disease registries | Traditional | CorEvitas, Target RWE |
| Other | OM1, COTA Healthcare | ||
| Adverse event reports | Regulatory | FDA FAERS, FDA VAERS | |
| Social media | Twitter, Facebook | ||
| Mortality | Public/Private | CDC WONDER, ObituaryData.com | |
| Tokenization | HealthVerity, Datavant, Komodo |
CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; FAERS, US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System, FDA, US Food and Drug Administration; NIH, National Institutes of Health; RWE, real‐world evidence.