TABLE 1.
Study | Year(s) conducted | Country | Data set | Waves used | Sample size (response rate) | Gender and age | Type of CMD studied (and measure and criteria used to assess presence of CMD) | Type of alcohol use studied (and measure and criteria used) | Duration of AUD | Risk of bias score (max. score of 9) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
2005 | Canada | Canadian Community Health Survey | Cycle 3.1 | 17 524 (response rate not stated) |
Gender Female = 8587 (49.0%) Male = 8937 (51.0%) Age range 15–24 |
Depressive symptoms (derived depression scale, cut‐off score of 5 or more) | Binge drinking (item on alcohol use, 5 or more drinks once a month or more) | 12 months | 7 |
|
Baseline = 1996, time 1 = 1997. time 2 = 1999 | Netherlands | Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS) | Baseline |
5571 (no overall response rate) |
Gender Female = 2896 (51.9%) Male = 2675 (48.1%) Age range not clear |
Panic disorder (composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐III‐R) | Alcohol dependence (composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐III‐R) | 12 months | 6 |
|
2001–02 | United States | National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) | Wave 1 | 43 093 (81%) |
Gender Female = 21 662 (51.43%) Male = 19 598 (48.57%) Age range 18+ |
Chronic MDD Dysthymic disorder (alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule, DSM‐IV) |
Alcohol abuse Alcohol dependence (alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule, DSM‐IV) |
12 months Life‐time |
9 |
|
1997 | Australia | National Survey of Mental Health and Well Being (NSMH&WB) | Wave 1 | 10 641 (78%) |
Gender Female = 5452 (51.2%) Male = 5189 (48.8%) Age range 18+ |
Depression Dysthymia Bipolar disorder Panic disorder Social phobia OCD PTSD GAD Agoraphobia (composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) |
Alcohol abuse Alcohol dependence Alcohol use disorder (Composite International Diagnostic Interview, DSM‐IV) |
12 months | 7 |
|
1995 | Mexico | – | – | 1932 (60.4%) |
Gender Female = not stated Male = not stated Age range 18+ |
OCD (composite international diagnostic interview, ICD‐10) |
Alcohol abuse Alcohol dependence (composite international diagnostic interview, ICD‐10) |
12 months Life‐time |
5 |
|
2007–08 | Brazil | – | – | 3744 (81 and 95%) |
Gender Female = 1584 Male = 2160 Age range 15–75 |
PTSD (composite international diagnostic interview 2.1, ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV) |
Hazardous alcohol use Alcohol dependence (composite international diagnostic interview 2.1, ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV) |
12 months | 9 |
|
2009 | Singapore | Singapore Mental Health Study (SMHS) | – | 6616 (76%) |
Gender Female = 3317 (50.1%) Male = 3299 (49.9%) Age range 18+ |
MDD Dysthymia GAD OCD (World Mental Health composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) |
Alcohol abuse Alcohol dependence (World Mental Health composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) |
Life‐time | 8 |
|
NESARC, 2001–02; KECA, 2000 | Korea and United States |
NESARC and Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area (KECA) |
NESARC wave 1 KECA wave 1 |
NESARC = 35 336 (81%) KECA = 6253 (79.8%) |
NESARC: Gender Female = 23 227 (65.7%) Male = 15 619 (44.2%) Age range 18–65 KECA: Gender Female = 3510 (56.1%) Male = 2743 (43.9%) Age range 18–65 |
MDD Dysthymia Panic disorder Social phobia GAD (NESARC: associated disabilities interview schedule‐DSM‐IV version, DSM‐IV; KECA: Korean version of composite international diagnostic interview 2.1, DSM‐IV) |
Alcohol abuse Alcohol dependence (NESARC: associated disabilities interview schedule‐DSM‐IV version, DSM‐IV; KECA: Korean version of composite international diagnostic interview 2.1, DSM‐IV) |
12 months | 9 |
|
2009–11 | Ireland | The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) | Wave 1 | 8175 (62%) |
Gender Female = 2041 (53.4%) Male = 1774 (46.6%) Age range 60–99 |
Depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, score of 16 or more) |
Problem drinker (CAGE, score of 2 or more) | 6 months | 7 |
|
1993–96 | United States | Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) follow–up | Wave 2 | 2633 (73%) |
Gender Female: 1644 (63.2%) Male: 989 (36.8%) Age range 31–99 |
MDD (diagnostic interview schedule, DSM‐III‐R) | Alcohol dependence (diagnostic interview schedule, DSM‐III‐R) | Life‐time | 7 |
|
2002 | Canada | Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) | Cycle 1.2 | 36 984 (77%) |
Gender Female = not stated Male = not stated Age range 15+ |
MDE (Canadian World Mental Health composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) |
Harmful alcohol use (ICD‐10) Alcohol dependence (DSM‐IV) (composite international diagnostic interview short form) |
12 months | 7 |
|
2000–01 | Norway | Oslo Health Study (HUBRO) | – | 2676: 446 = SPAS groups and 2230 controls (response rate not stated) |
Gender Female = 1558 (58%) Male = 1118 (42%) Age range 30–45 |
Social phobia and anxiety symptoms (MINI–social phobia inventory, score of 8 or more) |
Alcohol frequency (self‐report item, more than 1 time per week) Alcohol problems (self‐report item on impairment in job due to alcohol) |
1 week and 5 years | 3 |
|
2017 | United Kingdom | UK Biobank | – | 157 366 (46%) |
Gender Female = 89 101 (56%) Male = 68 265 (44%) Age range 45–82 |
Depression (composite international diagnostic interview short form) Anxiety disorder (composite international diagnostic Interview short form) PTSD (post‐traumatic stress disorder checklist‐6, score of 14 or more) |
Harmful alcohol use (alcohol use disorder identification test score of 16 or more) | 12 months | 4 |
|
2013–15 | Portugal | EpiDoC 2 (CoReumaPt) study | Wave 2 | 1680 (response rate not stated) |
Gender Female = 908 (54%) Male = 772 (46%) Age range 65+ |
Depression and anxiety symptoms (hospital and anxiety disorder scale, score of 11 or more) | Alcohol intake (self‐report of frequency of alcohol intake and categorized as daily, occasionally, never, cut‐offs not stated) | Not known | 5 |
|
2012–13 | United States | NESARC | Wave 3 | 36 309 (60.1%) |
Gender Female = 10 940 (55.5%) Male = 8765 (44.5%) Age range 18+ |
PTSD (alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule‐5, DSM‐5) | Alcohol use disorder (alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule‐5, DSM‐5) |
12 months |
5 |
|
2006 | Italy | The Faenza Community Aging Study | – | 366 (65.8%) |
Gender Female = 184 (50.3%) Male = 182 (49.7%) Age range 70+ |
Anxiety symptoms (geriatric anxiety inventory short form, cut‐off of 3 or more) | Alcohol consumption (quantity of alcoholic drink converted to units per day, defined as alcoholic unit as a glass of wine (125 ml), a can of beer (330 ml) and a small glass of hard liquor (40 ml), cut‐off of more than 2 alcohol units per day) | Per day | 5 |
|
2008 | Japan | Nihon University Sleep and Mental Health Epidemiology Project (NUSMEP) | – | 2559 (54%) |
Gender Female = 1396 (52.53%) Male = 1163 (47.47%) Age range 20+ |
Depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic studies depression scale, score of 16 or more) |
Alcohol consumption (self‐report item on drinking more than one glass of sake three times per week), defined as a glass of sake is equal to a 500–ml bottle of beer, 80 ml of distilled spirit, 60 ml of whiskey, or two glasses of wine (240 ml), cut‐off yes) | 1 week | 5 |
|
1992 | United States | National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES) | – | 42 862 (household response rate = 91.9%, sample person = 97.4%) |
Gender Not stated without depression Age range 18+ |
MDD (alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule, DSM‐IV) |
Alcohol abuse Alcohol dependence (alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule, DSM‐IV) |
12 months Life‐time |
7 |
|
2001–02 | United States | NESARC | Wave 1 | 43 093 (81%) |
Gender Female = 25 575 (57%) Male = 18 518 (43%) Age range 18+ |
MDD Dysthymia GAD Panic disorder Phobia (alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule, DSM‐IV) |
Alcohol abuse Alcohol dependence (alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule, DSM‐IV) |
12 months | 8 |
|
2005–14 | United States | National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) | 10 waves (2005–14) | 61 240 (71.2–76%) |
Gender Female = 32 825 (53.6%) Male = 28 415 (46.4%) Age range 50+ |
Depressive episode Anxiety (self‐report item, cut‐off not stated) |
Binge drinking (Self‐report idem, five more drinks on same occasion) Alcohol use disorder (measure not stated, DSM‐IV) |
Binge drinking‐30 days Alcohol abuse/dependence‐12 months |
7 |
|
2003–04 | Singapore | Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study (SLAS) | Wave 1 | 1070 (72.4%) |
Gender Female = 585 (53.75%) Male = 485 (46.25%) Age range 18+ |
Depressive symptoms (geriatric mental state examination, DSM‐IV) | Alcohol consumption (measure not stated, more than one drink per week) | 1 week | 5 |
|
2005 | France | – | – | 17 237 (62.7%) |
Gender Female = 10 262 (59.5%) Male = 6975 (40.5%) Age range 18–99 |
MDD GAD Panic disorder PTSD OCD Specific phobia Social phobia (composite international diagnostic interview short form, DSM‐IV) |
Alcohol abuse Alcohol dependence (Composite International Diagnostic Interview short form, DSM‐IV) |
12 months | 7 |
|
1997–99 | Japan | – | – | 1029 (56.9%) |
Gender Female = 578 (56.2%) Male = 451 (43.8%) Age range 20+ |
MDD Mania Dysthymia GAD Panic disorder (World Mental Health University of Michigan composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐III‐R) |
Alcohol use disorder (World Mental Health University of Michigan composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐III‐R) |
6 months Life‐time |
6 |
|
1990–92 | United States | National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) | Wave 1 | 8098 (82.6%) |
Gender Female = 4263 (49.26%) Male = 3835 (50.74%) Age range 15–54 |
MDD Dysthymia Panic disorder Social phobia Simple phobia GAD (World Mental Health composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐III‐R) |
Alcohol abuse Alcohol dependence (World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview, DSM‐III‐R) |
Life‐time | 6 |
|
2002–03 | Canada | Canadian Community Health Survey – Mental Health and Well–Being | Cycle 1.2 | 28 541 (77.0%) |
Gender Female = 15 074 (52.82%) Male = 13 467 (47.18%) Age range 15+ |
Panic disorder (World Mental Health composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) |
Alcohol dependence (World Mental Health composite international diagnostic interview short form, DSM‐III‐R) | 12 months | 8 |
|
2006–08 | Estonia | Estonian Health Interview Survey (EHIS) | – | 6105 (60.2%) |
Gender Female = 3177 (52.04%) Male = 2928 (47.95%) Age range 18–85 |
MDD (mini‐international neuropsychiatric interview, DSM‐IV) | Binge drinking (self‐report item partly based on the European Health Determinant Module, defined as five bottles of beer, five glasses of wine, or five glasses of vodka at a time, 5 or more) | 12 months | 7 |
|
2011 | Slovenia | – | – | 1002 (response rate not reported) |
Gender Female = 512 (51.1%) Male = 490 (48.9%) Age range not clear |
Anxiety/depression (Gothenburg quality of life instrument, answering yes to mood and anxiety items) | ‘Risky’ drinker (Slovenian version of the alcohol use disorder identification test‐consumption, score of 6 or more for men or 5 or more for women) | ‐ | 6 |
|
2002–04 | 47 countries | World Health Survey (WHS) | – | 201 279 (98.5%, range = 63%–99%) |
Gender Female = 102 279 (50.8%) Male = 99 058 (49.2%) Age range 18+ |
Depressive symptoms (self‐report items to four mandatory questions and two additional ones, DSM‐IV) |
Alcohol consumption (self report, defined as how many alcoholic drinks they had on each day in the past 7 days, cut‐off 4 or 5 drinks on at least 3 days) | 7 days | 7 |
|
1999–2003 | France | Mental Health in General Population (MHGP) survey | French data set | 36 105 (response rate not stated) |
Gender Female = 19 458 (53.9%) Male = 16 647 (46.1%) Age range 18+ |
GAD Panic disorder Social phobia PTSD (mini international neuropsychiatric interview, ICD‐10) |
Alcohol abuse (mini international neuropsychiatric interview, ICD 10) | 6 months | 6 |
|
2007 | Finland | National FINRISK 2007 Study | – | 10 000 but used a random subsample (n = 2086, 51.9%) |
Gender Female = 1140 (54.7%) Male = 946 (45.3%) Age range 25–74 |
Depressive symptoms (modified Beck depression inventory, score of 8 or more) | Heavy drinking occasion (time‐line‐follow‐back reporting frequency and quantity of consumption of standard alcoholic drink, defined as 12 g of absolute alcohol, cut‐off of seven, or five or more for men and women, respectively) | 28 days | 6 |
|
2000–01 and 2011 | Finland | Health 2000 Survey and Health 2011 Survey | Waves 1 and 2 |
Wave 1 = 6005 (75%) Wave 2 = 4620 (80.6%) |
Gender Female = 3257 (54.2%) Male = 2748 (45.8%) Age range 30+ |
Depressive symptoms (Munich composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) | Alcohol use disorder (Munich composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) | 12 months | 7 |
|
Baseline = 1996, time 1 = 1997, time 2 = 1999 | Netherlands | Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS) | All waves |
Baseline = 7076 (69.7%), time 1 = 5618 (79.4%) time 2 = 4796 (67.8%) |
Gender Female = 3777 (53.4%) Male = 3299 (46.6%) Age range 18–64 |
GAD Panic disorder Social phobia Agoraphobia OCD (composite international diagnostic interview version 1.1, DSM‐III‐R) |
Alcohol dependence (composite international diagnostic interview version 1.1, DSM‐III‐R) | Life‐time and 1 month | 8 |
|
2000 | Brazil | – | – | 1260 (7%) |
Gender Female = 679 (53.9%) Male = 581 (46.1%) Age range 15+ |
Minor psychiatric disorder (depression or anxiety; self‐report questionnaire‐20, cut‐off score of 6 for men and 7 for women) | Probable alcohol use disorder (alcohol use disorder identification test, score of 8 or more) | 12 months | 7 |
|
1996–97 | Germany | Transitional in Alcohol Consumption and Smoking (TACOS) | – | 4048 (70.2%) |
Gender Female = 2019 (61.1%) Male = 2029 (63.3%) Age range 18–64 |
MDD Dysthymia Phobia PTSD OCD (Munich composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) |
Alcohol abuse Alcohol dependence (Munich composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) |
Life‐time and 12 months | 6 |
|
2004–08 | Switzerland | PsyCoLaus | Wave 2 | 3694 (67.0%) |
Gender Female = 1958 (53.0%) Male = 1736 (47.0%) Age range 35–75 |
PTSD (French version of diagnostic interview for genetic studies, DSM‐IV) |
Alcohol use disorder (French version of diagnostic interview for genetic studies, DSM‐IV) |
12 months | 7 |
|
2011–12 | Spain | COURAGE | – | 4569 (69.9%) |
Gender Female = 2498 (50.6%) Male = 2071 (49.4%) Age range 18+ |
Panic disorder (adapted version of the composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐5) | Alcohol consumption (frequent drinkers: consumed alcohol in either last 30 days and 7 days or 1–2 days per week with 5/4 standard drinks in last 7 days or 3 or more days per week with 5/4 standard drinks in the last 7 days) | 30 days | 6 |
|
2012 | Canada | Canadian Community Health Survey–Mental Health (CCHS–Mental Health) | Wave 2 | 25 097 (68.9%) |
Gender Female = not stated Male = not stated Age range 15+ |
OCD (self‐reported diagnosis) |
Alcohol abuse Alcohol dependence (composite international diagnostic interview short form, DSM‐IV) |
12 months Life‐time |
3 |
|
2001–02 | United States | NESARC | Wave 1 | 43 093 (81.0%) |
Gender Female = 25 575 (57%) Male = 18 518 (43%) Age range 18+ |
GAD Panic disorder Social phobia Specific phobia (alcohol use disorders and associated disabilities interview schedule, DSM‐IV) |
Alcohol dependence (alcohol use disorders and associated disabilities interview schedule, DSM‐IV) | Life‐time | 7 |
|
2001 | Korea | Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area–Replication (KECA–R) | Wave 2 | 6510 (81.7%) |
Gender Female = 3229 (49.6%) Male = 3281 (50.4%) Age range 18–64 |
Specific phobia (Korean version of composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) |
Alcohol abuse Alcohol dependence (Korean version of composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) |
Life‐time | 9 |
|
1994–95 | United Kingdom | Surveys of psychiatric morbidity in Great Britain | Wave 1 | 8564 (67.2%) |
Gender Female = not reported Male = not reported Age range 16–64 |
Social phobia (clinical interview schedule‐revised, ICD‐10) | Alcohol dependence (self‐completion questionnaire, cut‐off score of four or more) | 12 months | 6 |
|
2015 | Canada |
Canadian Community Health Survey–Mental Health (CCHS–Mental Health) |
Wave 2 | 25 113 (68.9%) |
Gender Female = 12 883 (50.7%) Male = 12 230 (49.3%) Age range 15+ |
MDE MDD (World Mental Health composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) |
Alcohol abuse Alcohol dependence (World Mental Health composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) |
12 months Life‐time |
9 |
|
2000–01 | Finland | Health 2000 Survey | Wave 1 | 6005 (75.0%) |
Gender Female = 3257 (54.2%) Male = 2748 (45.8%) Age range 30+ |
MDD Dysthymia GAD Panic disorder Social phobia Agoraphobia (Finnish version of Munich composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) |
Alcohol use disorder (Finnish version of Munich composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) | 12 months | 9 |
|
– | Poland | WOBASZ | – | 13 545 (response rate not reported) |
Gender Female = 7153 (52.8%) Male = 6392 (47.2%) Age range 20–74 |
Depressive symptoms (Beck depression inventory, cut‐off score of 10 or more) | Alcohol consumption (self‐reporting consumption of three times per week) | 7 days | 6 |
|
1999–2003 | France | Mental Health in General Population (MHGP) survey | French data set | 38 600 (not stated) |
Gender Female = 20 342 (52.7%) Male = 18 258 (47.3%) Age range 18+ |
MDD Panic disorder Social phobia GAD PTSD (mini international neuropsychiatric interview version 5.0, ICD‐10) |
Alcohol use disorder (mini international neuropsychiatric interview version 5.0, ICD‐10) | Life‐time | 7 |
|
2000 | United Kingdom | British National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2000 | Wave 2 | 8580 (69.5%) |
Gender Female = 4300 (50.1%) Male = 4280 (49.9%) Age range 16+ |
OCD (clinical interview schedule‐revised, ICD‐10) |
Hazardous use Alcohol dependence Problem drinking (alcohol use disorder identification test and severity of alcohol dependence questionnaire, cut offs not stated) |
12 months | 7 |
|
1993–94 | United States | Chinese American Psychiatric Epidemiology Study (CAPES) | – | 1735 (82%) |
Gender Female = 876 (50.5%) Male = 859 (49.5%) Age range 18–65 |
PTSD (diagnostic interview schedule, DSM‐III‐R) | Heavy alcohol use (two items from composite international diagnostic interview, frequency: 1–3 times per month and quantity‐5+ and 4+ per day) |
12 months |
7 |
|
2002 | Canada | – | – | 2991 (68.1%) |
Gender Female = 1811 (51.5%) Male = 1180 (48.5%) Age range 18+ |
PTSD [revised version of composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI), DSM‐IV] | Alcohol use disorder (mini international neuropsychiatric interview) |
3 days Life‐time |
8 |
|
Not stated | Netherlands | Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) | ‐ | 3056 (86.0%). Used a subsample (n = 659) of this restricted to those aged between 55 and 84 |
Gender Female = 354 (54.0%) Male = 305 (46.0%) Age range 55+ |
GAD OCD Phobia (diagnostic interview schedule, DSM‐III) |
Heavy/excessive alcohol intake (Garretsen scale, cut‐off score of 4) | 6 months | 9 |
|
2002–05 | Netherlands | Rotterdam study | Wave 3 | 5019 (85.4%) |
Gender Female = 2848 (56.7%) Male = 2171 (43.3%) Age range Range 58–100 |
MDD Dysthymia GAD Panic disorder Specific phobia Social phobia (depression = schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry, DSM‐IV‐TR; Anxiety = Munich version of the composite international diagnostic interview) |
Excessive alcohol use (self‐reported question, more than 21 alcoholic drinks per week) | 7 days | 5 |
|
1992–93 and 1998–99 | Netherlands | Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) | Waves 1 and 2 | 1280 (response rate not reported) |
Gender Female = 698 (54.5%) Male = 582 (45.5%) Age range 55–85 |
Depressive symptoms (Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression, cut off score of 16 or more) | Alcohol consumption (health interview questionnaire, three or more drinks per day) | Daily | 7 |
|
2012–13 | China | China National Health and Wellness Survey (NHWS) | Waves 3 and 4 | 36 806 (response rate not reported) |
Gender Female = 16 698 (45.4%) Male = 20 108 (54.6%) Age range 18+ |
GAD (generalized anxiety disorder‐7, cut off score 10 or more) | Alcohol use (measure not stated, excessive) | Not stated | 5 |