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. 2021 Dec 1;117(6):1543–1572. doi: 10.1111/add.15735

TABLE 1.

Study characteristics

Study Year(s) conducted Country Data set Waves used Sample size (response rate) Gender and age Type of CMD studied (and measure and criteria used to assess presence of CMD) Type of alcohol use studied (and measure and criteria used) Duration of AUD Risk of bias score (max. score of 9)
  • 1

    Archie et al. 2012

2005 Canada Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 3.1 17 524 (response rate not stated)

Gender

Female = 8587 (49.0%)

Male = 8937 (51.0%)

Age range 15–24

Depressive symptoms (derived depression scale, cut‐off score of 5 or more) Binge drinking (item on alcohol use, 5 or more drinks once a month or more) 12 months 7
  • 2

    Batelaan et al. 2012

Baseline = 1996, time 1 = 1997. time 2 = 1999 Netherlands Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS) Baseline

5571 (no overall response rate)

Gender

Female = 2896 (51.9%)

Male = 2675 (48.1%)

Age range not clear

Panic disorder (composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐III‐R) Alcohol dependence (composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐III‐R) 12 months 6
  • 3

    Blanco et al. 2010

2001–02 United States National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) Wave 1 43 093 (81%)

Gender

Female = 21 662 (51.43%)

Male = 19 598 (48.57%)

Age range 18+

Chronic MDD

Dysthymic disorder (alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule, DSM‐IV)

Alcohol abuse

Alcohol dependence

(alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule, DSM‐IV)

12 months

Life‐time

9
  • 4

    Burns & Teesson 2002

1997 Australia National Survey of Mental Health and Well Being (NSMH&WB) Wave 1 10 641 (78%)

Gender

Female = 5452 (51.2%)

Male = 5189 (48.8%)

Age range 18+

Depression

Dysthymia

Bipolar disorder

Panic disorder

Social phobia

OCD

PTSD

GAD

Agoraphobia (composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV)

Alcohol abuse

Alcohol dependence

Alcohol use disorder (Composite International Diagnostic Interview, DSM‐IV)

12 months 7
  • 5

    Caraveo‐Anduaga et al. 2004

1995 Mexico 1932 (60.4%)

Gender

Female = not stated

Male = not stated

Age range 18+

OCD (composite international diagnostic interview, ICD‐10)

Alcohol abuse

Alcohol dependence (composite international diagnostic interview, ICD‐10)

12 months

Life‐time

5
  • 6

    De Castro Longo et al. 2020

2007–08 Brazil 3744 (81 and 95%)

Gender

Female = 1584

Male = 2160

Age range 15–75

PTSD (composite international diagnostic interview 2.1, ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV)

Hazardous alcohol use

Alcohol dependence (composite international diagnostic interview 2.1, ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV)

12 months 9
  • 7

    Chong et al. 2012

2009 Singapore Singapore Mental Health Study (SMHS) 6616 (76%)

Gender

Female = 3317 (50.1%)

Male = 3299 (49.9%)

Age range 18+

MDD

Dysthymia

GAD

OCD (World Mental Health composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV)

Alcohol abuse

Alcohol dependence (World Mental Health composite international

diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV)

Life‐time 8
  • 8

    Chou et al. 2012

NESARC, 2001–02; KECA, 2000 Korea and United States

NESARC and Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area (KECA)

NESARC wave 1

KECA wave 1

NESARC = 35 336 (81%)

KECA = 6253 (79.8%)

NESARC:

Gender

Female = 23 227 (65.7%)

Male = 15 619 (44.2%)

Age range 18–65

KECA:

Gender

Female = 3510 (56.1%)

Male = 2743 (43.9%)

Age range 18–65

MDD

Dysthymia

Panic disorder

Social phobia

GAD (NESARC: associated disabilities interview schedule‐DSM‐IV version, DSM‐IV; KECA: Korean version of composite international diagnostic interview 2.1, DSM‐IV)

Alcohol abuse

Alcohol dependence

(NESARC: associated disabilities interview schedule‐DSM‐IV version, DSM‐IV; KECA: Korean version of composite international diagnostic interview 2.1, DSM‐IV)

12 months 9
  • 9

    Cousins et al. 2014

2009–11 Ireland The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) Wave 1 8175 (62%)

Gender

Female = 2041 (53.4%)

Male = 1774 (46.6%)

Age range 60–99

Depression (Center for

Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, score of 16 or more)

Problem drinker (CAGE, score of 2 or more) 6 months 7
  • 10

    Crum et al. 2005

1993–96 United States Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) follow–up Wave 2 2633 (73%)

Gender

Female: 1644 (63.2%)

Male: 989 (36.8%)

Age range 31–99

MDD (diagnostic interview schedule, DSM‐III‐R) Alcohol dependence (diagnostic interview schedule, DSM‐III‐R) Life‐time 7
  • 11

    Currie et al. 2005

2002 Canada Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Cycle 1.2 36 984 (77%)

Gender

Female = not stated

Male = not stated

Age range 15+

MDE (Canadian World Mental Health composite international

diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV)

Harmful alcohol use (ICD‐10)

Alcohol dependence (DSM‐IV) (composite international diagnostic interview short form)

12 months 7
  • 12

    Dahl & Dahl 2010

2000–01 Norway Oslo Health Study (HUBRO) 2676: 446 = SPAS groups and 2230 controls (response rate not stated)

Gender

Female = 1558 (58%)

Male = 1118 (42%)

Age range 30–45

Social phobia and anxiety symptoms (MINI–social phobia inventory, score of 8 or more)

Alcohol frequency (self‐report item, more than 1 time per week)

Alcohol problems (self‐report item on impairment in job due to alcohol)

1 week and 5 years 3
  • 13

    Davis et al. 2020

2017 United Kingdom UK Biobank 157 366 (46%)

Gender

Female = 89 101 (56%)

Male = 68 265 (44%)

Age range 45–82

Depression (composite international

diagnostic interview short form)

Anxiety disorder (composite international

diagnostic Interview short form)

PTSD (post‐traumatic stress disorder checklist‐6, score of 14 or more)

Harmful alcohol use (alcohol use disorder identification test score of 16 or more) 12 months 4
  • 14

    De Sousa et al. 2017

2013–15 Portugal EpiDoC 2 (CoReumaPt) study Wave 2 1680 (response rate not stated)

Gender

Female = 908 (54%)

Male = 772 (46%)

Age range 65+

Depression and anxiety symptoms (hospital and anxiety disorder scale, score of 11 or more) Alcohol intake (self‐report of frequency of alcohol intake and categorized as daily, occasionally, never, cut‐offs not stated) Not known 5
  • 15

    Emerson et al. 2017

2012–13 United States NESARC Wave 3 36 309 (60.1%)

Gender

Female = 10 940 (55.5%)

Male = 8765 (44.5%)

Age range 18+

PTSD (alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule‐5, DSM‐5) Alcohol use disorder (alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule‐5, DSM‐5)

12 months

5
  • 16

    Forlani et al. 2014

2006 Italy The Faenza Community Aging Study 366 (65.8%)

Gender

Female = 184 (50.3%)

Male = 182 (49.7%)

Age range 70+

Anxiety symptoms (geriatric anxiety inventory short form, cut‐off of 3 or more) Alcohol consumption (quantity of alcoholic drink converted to units per day, defined as alcoholic unit as a glass of wine (125 ml), a can of beer (330 ml) and a small glass of hard liquor (40 ml), cut‐off of more than 2 alcohol units per day) Per day 5
  • 17

    Furihata et al. 2018

2008 Japan Nihon University Sleep and Mental Health Epidemiology Project (NUSMEP) 2559 (54%)

Gender

Female = 1396 (52.53%)

Male = 1163 (47.47%)

Age range 20+

Depressive symptoms (Center for

Epidemiologic studies depression scale, score of 16 or more)

Alcohol consumption (self‐report item on drinking more than one glass of sake three times per week), defined as a glass of sake is equal to a 500–ml bottle of beer, 80 ml of distilled spirit, 60 ml of whiskey, or two glasses of wine (240 ml), cut‐off yes) 1 week 5
  • 18

    Grant & Harford 1995

1992 United States National Longitudinal Alcohol Epidemiologic Survey (NLAES) 42 862 (household response rate = 91.9%, sample person = 97.4%)

Gender

Not stated without depression

Age range 18+

MDD (alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule, DSM‐IV)

Alcohol abuse

Alcohol dependence (alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule, DSM‐IV)

12 months

Life‐time

7
  • 19

    Grant et al. 2004

2001–02 United States NESARC Wave 1 43 093 (81%)

Gender

Female = 25 575 (57%)

Male = 18 518 (43%)

Age range 18+

MDD

Dysthymia

GAD

Panic disorder

Phobia (alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule, DSM‐IV)

Alcohol abuse

Alcohol dependence

(alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule, DSM‐IV)

12 months 8
  • 20

    Han et al. 2017

2005–14 United States National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) 10 waves (2005–14) 61 240 (71.2–76%)

Gender

Female = 32 825 (53.6%)

Male = 28 415 (46.4%)

Age range 50+

Depressive episode

Anxiety (self‐report item, cut‐off not stated)

Binge drinking (Self‐report idem, five more drinks on same occasion)

Alcohol use disorder (measure not stated, DSM‐IV)

Binge drinking‐30 days

Alcohol abuse/dependence‐12 months

7
  • 21

    Ho et al. 2016

2003–04 Singapore Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study (SLAS) Wave 1 1070 (72.4%)

Gender

Female = 585 (53.75%)

Male = 485 (46.25%)

Age range 18+

Depressive symptoms (geriatric mental state examination, DSM‐IV) Alcohol consumption (measure not stated, more than one drink per week) 1 week 5
  • 22

    Husky et al. 2018

2005 France 17 237 (62.7%)

Gender

Female = 10 262 (59.5%)

Male = 6975 (40.5%)

Age range 18–99

MDD

GAD

Panic disorder

PTSD

OCD

Specific phobia

Social phobia (composite international diagnostic interview short form, DSM‐IV)

Alcohol abuse

Alcohol dependence (Composite International Diagnostic Interview short form, DSM‐IV)

12 months 7
  • 23

    Kawakami et al. 2004

1997–99 Japan 1029 (56.9%)

Gender

Female = 578 (56.2%)

Male = 451 (43.8%)

Age range 20+

MDD

Mania

Dysthymia

GAD

Panic disorder (World Mental Health University of Michigan composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐III‐R)

Alcohol use disorder (World Mental Health University of Michigan composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐III‐R)

6 months

Life‐time

6
  • 24

    Kessler et al. 1997

1990–92 United States National Comorbidity Survey (NCS) Wave 1 8098 (82.6%)

Gender

Female = 4263 (49.26%)

Male = 3835 (50.74%)

Age range 15–54

MDD

Dysthymia

Panic disorder

Social phobia

Simple phobia

GAD (World Mental Health composite international

diagnostic interview, DSM‐III‐R)

Alcohol abuse

Alcohol dependence (World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview, DSM‐III‐R)

Life‐time 6
  • 25

    Kinley et al. 2009

2002–03 Canada Canadian Community Health Survey – Mental Health and Well–Being Cycle 1.2 28 541 (77.0%)

Gender

Female = 15 074 (52.82%)

Male = 13 467 (47.18%)

Age range 15+

Panic disorder (World Mental Health composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV)

Alcohol dependence (World Mental Health composite international diagnostic interview short form, DSM‐III‐R) 12 months 8
  • 26

    Kleinberg et al. 2010

2006–08 Estonia Estonian Health Interview Survey (EHIS) 6105 (60.2%)

Gender

Female = 3177 (52.04%)

Male = 2928 (47.95%)

Age range 18–85

MDD (mini‐international neuropsychiatric interview, DSM‐IV) Binge drinking (self‐report item partly based on the European Health Determinant Module, defined as five bottles of beer, five glasses of wine, or five glasses of vodka at a time, 5 or more) 12 months 7
  • 27

    Klemenc‐Ketis & Kersnik 2015

2011 Slovenia 1002 (response rate not reported)

Gender

Female = 512 (51.1%)

Male = 490 (48.9%)

Age range not clear

Anxiety/depression (Gothenburg quality of life instrument, answering yes to mood and anxiety items) ‘Risky’ drinker (Slovenian version of the alcohol use disorder identification test‐consumption, score of 6 or more for men or 5 or more for women) 6
  • 28

    Koyanagi et al. 2017

2002–04 47 countries World Health Survey (WHS) 201 279 (98.5%, range = 63%–99%)

Gender

Female = 102 279 (50.8%)

Male = 99 058 (49.2%)

Age range 18+

Depressive symptoms (self‐report items to four mandatory questions and two additional ones, DSM‐IV)

Alcohol consumption (self report, defined as how many alcoholic drinks they had on each day in the past 7 days, cut‐off 4 or 5 drinks on at least 3 days) 7 days 7
  • 29

    Leray et al. 2011

1999–2003 France Mental Health in General Population (MHGP) survey French data set 36 105 (response rate not stated)

Gender

Female = 19 458 (53.9%)

Male = 16 647 (46.1%)

Age range 18+

GAD

Panic disorder

Social phobia

PTSD (mini international neuropsychiatric interview, ICD‐10)

Alcohol abuse (mini international neuropsychiatric interview, ICD 10) 6 months 6
  • 30

    Levola et al. 2011

2007 Finland National FINRISK 2007 Study 10 000 but used a random subsample (n = 2086, 51.9%)

Gender

Female = 1140 (54.7%)

Male = 946 (45.3%)

Age range 25–74

Depressive symptoms (modified Beck depression inventory, score of 8 or more) Heavy drinking occasion (time‐line‐follow‐back reporting frequency and quantity of consumption of standard alcoholic drink, defined as 12 g of absolute alcohol, cut‐off of seven, or five or more for men and women, respectively) 28 days 6
  • 31

    Markkula et al. 2016

2000–01 and 2011 Finland Health 2000 Survey and Health 2011 Survey Waves 1 and 2

Wave 1 = 6005 (75%)

Wave 2 = 4620 (80.6%)

Gender

Female = 3257 (54.2%)

Male = 2748 (45.8%)

Age range 30+

Depressive symptoms (Munich composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) Alcohol use disorder (Munich composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) 12 months 7
  • 32

    Marquenie et al. 2007

Baseline = 1996, time 1 = 1997, time 2 = 1999 Netherlands Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS) All waves

Baseline = 7076 (69.7%), time 1 = 5618 (79.4%) time 2 = 4796 (67.8%)

Gender

Female = 3777 (53.4%)

Male = 3299 (46.6%)

Age range 18–64

GAD

Panic disorder

Social phobia

Agoraphobia

OCD (composite international diagnostic interview version 1.1, DSM‐III‐R)

Alcohol dependence (composite international diagnostic interview version 1.1, DSM‐III‐R) Life‐time and 1 month 8
  • 33

    Mendoza‐Sassi & Beria 2003

2000 Brazil 1260 (7%)

Gender

Female = 679 (53.9%)

Male = 581 (46.1%)

Age range 15+

Minor psychiatric disorder (depression or anxiety; self‐report questionnaire‐20, cut‐off score of 6 for men and 7 for women) Probable alcohol use disorder (alcohol use disorder identification test, score of 8 or more) 12 months 7
  • 34

    Meyer et al. 2004

1996–97 Germany Transitional in Alcohol Consumption and Smoking (TACOS) 4048 (70.2%)

Gender

Female = 2019 (61.1%)

Male = 2029 (63.3%)

Age range 18–64

MDD

Dysthymia

Phobia

PTSD

OCD (Munich composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV)

Alcohol abuse

Alcohol dependence (Munich composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV)

Life‐time and 12 months 6
  • 35
    Muller et al. 2014
2004–08 Switzerland PsyCoLaus Wave 2 3694 (67.0%)

Gender

Female = 1958 (53.0%)

Male = 1736 (47.0%)

Age range 35–75

PTSD (French version of diagnostic interview for genetic studies, DSM‐IV)

Alcohol use disorder (French version of diagnostic

interview for genetic studies, DSM‐IV)

12 months 7
  • 36

    Olaya et al. 2018

2011–12 Spain COURAGE 4569 (69.9%)

Gender

Female = 2498 (50.6%)

Male = 2071 (49.4%)

Age range 18+

Panic disorder (adapted version of the composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐5) Alcohol consumption (frequent drinkers: consumed alcohol in either last 30 days and 7 days or 1–2 days per week with 5/4 standard drinks in last 7 days or 3 or more days per week with 5/4 standard drinks in the last 7 days) 30 days 6
  • 37
    Osland et al. 2018
2012 Canada Canadian Community Health Survey–Mental Health (CCHS–Mental Health) Wave 2 25 097 (68.9%)

Gender

Female = not stated

Male = not stated

Age range 15+

OCD (self‐reported diagnosis)

Alcohol abuse

Alcohol dependence (composite international

diagnostic interview short form, DSM‐IV)

12 months

Life‐time

3
  • 38

    Pacek et al. 2013

2001–02 United States NESARC Wave 1 43 093 (81.0%)

Gender

Female = 25 575 (57%)

Male = 18 518 (43%)

Age range 18+

GAD

Panic disorder

Social phobia

Specific phobia (alcohol use disorders and associated disabilities interview schedule, DSM‐IV)

Alcohol dependence (alcohol use disorders and associated disabilities interview schedule, DSM‐IV) Life‐time 7
  • 39

    Park et al. 2013

2001 Korea Korean Epidemiologic Catchment Area–Replication (KECA–R) Wave 2 6510 (81.7%)

Gender

Female = 3229 (49.6%)

Male = 3281 (50.4%)

Age range 18–64

Specific phobia (Korean version of composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV)

Alcohol abuse

Alcohol dependence (Korean version of composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV)

Life‐time 9
  • 40

    Patel et al. 2002

1994–95 United Kingdom Surveys of psychiatric morbidity in Great Britain Wave 1 8564 (67.2%)

Gender

Female = not reported

Male = not reported

Age range 16–64

Social phobia (clinical interview schedule‐revised, ICD‐10) Alcohol dependence (self‐completion questionnaire, cut‐off score of four or more) 12 months 6
  • 41

    Patten et al. 2015

2015 Canada

Canadian Community Health Survey–Mental Health (CCHS–Mental Health)

Wave 2 25 113 (68.9%)

Gender

Female = 12 883 (50.7%)

Male = 12 230 (49.3%)

Age range 15+

MDE

MDD (World Mental Health composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV)

Alcohol abuse

Alcohol dependence (World Mental Health composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV)

12 months

Life‐time

9
  • 42

    Pirkola et al. 2005

2000–01 Finland Health 2000 Survey Wave 1 6005 (75.0%)

Gender

Female = 3257 (54.2%)

Male = 2748 (45.8%)

Age range 30+

MDD

Dysthymia

GAD

Panic disorder

Social phobia

Agoraphobia (Finnish version of Munich composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV)

Alcohol use disorder (Finnish version of Munich composite international diagnostic interview, DSM‐IV) 12 months 9
  • 43

    Piwonski et al. 2010

Poland WOBASZ 13 545 (response rate not reported)

Gender

Female = 7153 (52.8%)

Male = 6392 (47.2%)

Age range 20–74

Depressive symptoms (Beck depression inventory, cut‐off score of 10 or more) Alcohol consumption (self‐reporting consumption of three times per week) 7 days 6
  • 44

    Tebeka et al. 2018

1999–2003 France Mental Health in General Population (MHGP) survey French data set 38 600 (not stated)

Gender

Female = 20 342 (52.7%)

Male = 18 258 (47.3%)

Age range 18+

MDD

Panic disorder

Social phobia

GAD

PTSD (mini international neuropsychiatric interview version 5.0, ICD‐10)

Alcohol use disorder (mini international neuropsychiatric interview version 5.0, ICD‐10) Life‐time 7
  • 45

    Torres et al. 2006

2000 United Kingdom British National Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2000 Wave 2 8580 (69.5%)

Gender

Female = 4300 (50.1%)

Male = 4280 (49.9%)

Age range 16+

OCD (clinical interview schedule‐revised, ICD‐10)

Hazardous use

Alcohol dependence

Problem drinking (alcohol use disorder identification test and severity of alcohol dependence questionnaire, cut offs not stated)

12 months 7
  • 46

    Tracy 2002

1993–94 United States Chinese American Psychiatric Epidemiology Study (CAPES) 1735 (82%)

Gender

Female = 876 (50.5%)

Male = 859 (49.5%)

Age range 18–65

PTSD (diagnostic interview schedule, DSM‐III‐R) Heavy alcohol use (two items from composite international diagnostic interview, frequency: 1–3 times per month and quantity‐5+ and 4+ per day)

12 months

7
  • 47

    Van Ameringen et al. 2008

2002 Canada 2991 (68.1%)

Gender

Female = 1811 (51.5%)

Male = 1180 (48.5%)

Age range 18+

PTSD [revised version of composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI), DSM‐IV] Alcohol use disorder (mini international neuropsychiatric interview)

3 days

Life‐time

8
  • 48

    Van Balkom et al. 2000

Not stated Netherlands Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) 3056 (86.0%). Used a subsample (n = 659) of this restricted to those aged between 55 and 84

Gender

Female = 354 (54.0%)

Male = 305 (46.0%)

Age range 55+

GAD

OCD

Phobia (diagnostic interview schedule, DSM‐III)

Heavy/excessive alcohol intake (Garretsen scale, cut‐off score of 4) 6 months 9
  • 49

    Van den Berg et al. 2009

2002–05 Netherlands Rotterdam study Wave 3 5019 (85.4%)

Gender

Female = 2848 (56.7%)

Male = 2171 (43.3%)

Age range

Range 58–100

MDD

Dysthymia

GAD

Panic disorder

Specific phobia

Social phobia (depression = schedules for clinical assessment in neuropsychiatry, DSM‐IV‐TR; Anxiety = Munich version of the composite international diagnostic interview)

Excessive alcohol use (self‐reported question, more than 21 alcoholic drinks per week) 7 days 5
  • 50

    Van Gool et al. 2003

1992–93 and 1998–99 Netherlands Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) Waves 1 and 2 1280 (response rate not reported)

Gender

Female = 698 (54.5%)

Male = 582 (45.5%)

Age range 55–85

Depressive symptoms (Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression, cut off score of 16 or more) Alcohol consumption (health interview questionnaire, three or more drinks per day) Daily 7
  • 51

    Yu et al. 2018

2012–13 China China National Health and Wellness Survey (NHWS) Waves 3 and 4 36 806 (response rate not reported)

Gender

Female = 16 698 (45.4%)

Male = 20 108 (54.6%)

Age range 18+

GAD (generalized anxiety disorder‐7, cut off score 10 or more) Alcohol use (measure not stated, excessive) Not stated 5