TABLE 1.

Generalized estimating equations of psychosocial determinants of intention and behavior to avoid water‐carrying during pregnancy and postpartum

	Behavioral intention for safe water‐carrying					Safe water‐carrying behavior
		95 per cent CI					95 per cent CI
Parameter	Estimate	SE	LL	UL	p	Estimate	SE	LL	UL	p
Intercept	0.21	0.08	0.05	0.37	0.011	−0.09	0.10	−0.29	0.10	0.341
Risk perception	0.06	0.03	< 0.01	0.12	0.052	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
Outcome expectancies	0.24	0.06	0.13	0.34	< 0.001	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐
Self‐efficacy	0.20	0.06	0.08	0.31	0.001	0.36	0.05	0.25	0.46	< 0.001
Injunctive norm	0.23	0.10	0.04	0.43	0.019	0.09	0.05	< 0.01	0.18	0.056
Descriptive norm	0.02	0.04	−0.05	0.09	0.666	0.04	0.05	−0.05	0.13	0.388
Behavioral intention	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	0.20	0.06	0.09	0.31	< 0.001
Instrumental support	0.05	0.03	−0.02	0.11	0.160	0.05	0.02	0.01	0.10	0.031
Action planning	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	−0.02	0.04	−0.09	0.05	0.627
Coping planning	‐	‐	‐	‐	‐	0.02	0.03	−0.04	0.07	0.575
Age	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.047	< 0.01	< 0.01	−0.01	< 0.01	0.224
Socioeconomic status a	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.056	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.001
Living without husband	−0.01	0.02	−0.04	0.03	0.719	0.03	0.01	< 0.01	0.05	0.044
Currently pregnant b	0.03	0.03	−0.03	0.08	0.323	−0.02	0.03	−0.08	0.03	0.421
Currently delivered c	−0.01	0.02	−0.05	0.03	0.663	−0.03	0.04	−0.10	0.04	0.436
Education d	< 0.01	< 0.01	−0.01	0.01	0.459	0.01	0.01	−0.01	0.02	0.238
Ethnicity e
Brahmin	−0.02	0.01	−0.05	0.01	0.150	0.11	0.06	−0.01	0.22	0.072
Tamang	−0.04	0.03	−0.08	0.01	0.167	0.09	0.05	< 0.01	0.17	0.059
Newar	−0.04	0.03	−0.10	0.03	0.305	0.10	0.03	0.04	0.17	0.002
Chhetri	0.06	0.03	0.01	0.11	0.017	0.09	0.07	−0.04	0.22	0.156
Dalit	−0.01	0.01	−0.04	0.02	0.397	0.05	0.05	−0.05	0.15	0.323
Rai and Limbu	−0.02	0.03	−0.07	0.04	0.546	0.12	0.05	0.02	0.23	0.016
Water source f
Household tap	−0.03	0.03	−0.09	0.03	0.357	0.01	0.06	−0.10	0.13	0.832
Shared tap	−0.05	0.03	−0.12	0.02	0.150	−0.02	0.04	−0.10	0.07	0.716
Community tap	−0.04	0.02	−0.08	< 0.01	0.046	−0.02	0.04	−0.11	0.06	0.592

Note: N = 921. Five communities. Estimate = parameter estimates. SE = standard error. CI = confidence interval. Probability distribution: normal, link function: identity. All p‐values are two‐tailed. All variables were recoded to a range between 0 and 1.

^a Socioeconomic status: An index (0.0–1.0) was calculated using principle component analysis (Krishnan, 2010).

^b Currently pregnant: Are you currently pregnant?

^c Currently delivered: Have you delivered in the last three months?

^d Education: higher values refer to a higher level of education: 0 = illiterate, 1 = informal education, 2 = preprimary, 3 = primary passed 4 = Lower secondary passed, 5 = secondary, 6 = higher secondary and above.

^e Ethnicity: Reference = other.

^f Water source: Reference = source further than village.