TABLE 1.
Clinical, hemodynamic, and echocardiographic characteristics of end stage heart failure patients prior to left ventricular assist device implantation and matched healthy controls
| End stage heart failure patients (n = 25) | Healthy controls (n = 25) | p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical data | |||
| Age (years) | 58.9 ± 6.8 | 58.9 ± 7.1 | 0.98 |
| Male gender (n, %) | 19 (76) | 19 (76) | 1.00 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25.9 [22.3, 28.1] | 26.0 [23.6, 27.6] | 0.73 |
| Sinus rhythm (n, %) | 15 (60) | 25 (100) | <0.001 |
| Ischemic etiology (n, %) | 10 (40) | ||
| Non‐ischemic etiology (n, %) | 16 (64) | ||
| Previous cardiac surgery (n, %) | 3 (12) | ||
| INTERMACS (n, %) | |||
| Class 1 | 1 (4) | ||
| Class 2 | 9 (36) | ||
| Class 3 | 8 (32) | ||
| Class 4 and up | 7 (28) | ||
| Indication (n, %) | |||
| Bridge to transplant | 8 (32) | ||
| Destination therapy | 12 (48) | ||
| Bridge to decision | 5 (20) | ||
| Laboratory data* | |||
| Creatinine (μmol/L) | 152.2 ± 45.1 | ||
| eGFR (ml/min) | 41 [32.5–48.5] | ||
| Total bilirubin (μmol/L) | 18.0 [10.5–29] | ||
| Albumin (g/L) | 38.3 ± 6.7 | ||
| Hb (mmol/L) | 7.7 ± 1.2 | ||
| RHC parameters (n – 19) | |||
| Right atrial pressure (mm Hg) | 11.2 ± 5.5 | ||
| Mean pulmonary artery pressure (mm Hg) | 30.4 ± 11.8 | ||
| Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (mm Hg) | 18.1 ± 9.9 | ||
| RA/PCWP ratio | .6 [.4–.8] | ||
| Pulmonary vascular resistance (wood units) | 2.6 ± 1.3 | ||
| Trans pulmonary gradient (mm Hg) | 9.8 ± 4.0 | ||
| Pulmonary artery pressure indexed (mm Hg/m2) | 2.3 ± .9 | ||
| Diastolic pulmonary gradient (mm Hg) | 2.0 ± 4.8 | ||
| Cardiac output (l/m) | 3.7 [3.3–4.5] | ||
| Cardiac index (l/m/m2) | 1.8 [1.6–2.1] | ||
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||
| Left ventricle | |||
| LV end diastolic diameter (mm) | 73.9 ± 11.9 | 44.4 ± 4.5 | <0.001 |
| LV end systolic diameter (mm) | 68 ± 13.6 | 27.8 ± 5.5 | <0.001 |
| LV ejection fraction (%) | 19.3 ± 6.0 | 59.5 ± 4.4 | <0.001 |
| Left atrial volume index (ml/m2) | 62.7 [52.5, 90.7] | 26.4 [23.8, 32.7] | <0.001 |
| Right ventricle | |||
| RV basal dimension (mm) | 46.7 ± 8.8 | 39.4 ± 5.6 | 0.001 |
| RV mid dimension (mm) | 33.8 ± 7.6 | 30.6 ± 5.1 | 0.10 |
| RV outflow tract 1 dimension (mm) | 41.3 ± 6.0 | 32.0 ± 3.0 | <0.001 |
| RV end diastolic area (cm2) | 29.1 ± 10.3 | 25.3 ± 5.4 | 0.13 |
| RV end systolic area (cm2) | 21.1 ± 9.2 | 14.3 ± 4.1 | 0.002 |
| RV fractional area change (%) | 29.2 ± 11.7 | 44.5 ± 7.9 | <0.001 |
| RA area (cm2) | 24.2 ± 8.5 | 17.4 ± 3.6 | 0.001 |
| Valvular | |||
| ≥ Moderate mitral regurgitation (n, %) | 14 (56) | ||
| ≥ Moderate aortic regurgitation (n, %) | 2 (8) | ||
| ≥ Moderate tricuspid regurgitation (n, %) | 10 (40) | ||
| Tricuspid regurgitation velocity (m/s) | 2.8 ± .6 | ||
Data presented as mean ± SD, median [IQR] or n (%). RA/PCWP ratio ‐ right atrial/pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ratio. Cardiac output and cardiac index measured by thermodilution method.
*Laboratory data collected 2 ± 1.5 days prior to implant.