Table 1.
Summary of miRNAs that are involved in "diabetic retinopathy"
| S. No | miRNA | Model | Technique | miRNA function |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | miR-132 [58] | Animal (Sprague–Dawley rats) | miRNA RT-PCR arrays (Taqman; Applied Biosystem) | Upregulated with increased NF-kB, ICAM-1 and MCP-1, in diabetic retinal endothelial cells and retina |
| miR-146 [58] | Animal (Sprague–Dawley rats) | miRNA RT-PCR arrays (Taqman; Applied Biosystem) | Upregulated and ativated by NF-κB in the Retinal endothelial cell of diabetic rats | |
| miR-155 and miR-21 [58] | Animal (Sprague–Dawley rats) | miRNA RT-PCR arrays (Taqman; Applied Biosystem) | Upregulated and activated by both VEGF and NF-κB in the Retinal endothelial cell of diabetic rats | |
| 2 | miR-34 family [58] | Animal (Sprague–Dawley rats) | miRNA RT-PCR arrays (Taqman; Applied Biosystem) | Upregulated in diabetic rats upon VEGF and p53 responses in retinas |
| 3 | miR-34a [67] | Cell Line | MicroRNA Assay (TaqMan; Applied Biosystems) | Downregulated and can inhibit proloiferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells |
| 4 | miR-29b [68] | Animal (Wistar rats) | MicroRNA Assay (TaqMan; Applied Biosystems) | Upregulated, potential target is cellular activator of x cellular activator of PKR, RAX (PKR activator X], in retinal ganglion cells |
| 5 | miR-195 [69] | Cell Line (Human retinal pigment and dermal microvascular epithelium) | One Step RT-PCR | Upregulated in retinas of diabetic rats. Regulates sirtuin 1 mediated tissue damage, in human retinal and dermal microvascular endothelial cells |
| 6 | miR-200b [53, 64] | Animal (Akita mice) | Microarray and quantitative RT-PCR | Downregulated upon high glycemia with VEGF as a direct target, in diabetic retinas and endothelial cells. Upregulated in Akita mouse retinas. Regulates the expression of oxidation resistance-1 |
| 7 | miR-126 [63] | Animal (Monkey chorioretinal vessel endothelial cells and Wistar rats) | Real time PCR (SYBR Green) | Downregulated by hypoxia and reduced in the retinal tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Inhibition of VEGF and MMP-9 |
| 8 | miR-27b and miR-320a [70] | Human | TaqMan miRNA assays | Downregulated and upregulated, involve in progression of retinopathy in patients with T1D |
| 9 | miR-21, miR-181c, miR-1179 [71] | Human | TaqMan Low Density Array and real-time PCR | Upregulated and act as biomarker for proliferative daibetic retinopathy |
| 10 | miR-21 [72] | Human | Quantitative real-time PCR | Upregulated and involved in beta cell dysfunction |
| 11 | miR-93 [73] | Human | qRT-PCR | Upregulated and promote the tumor progression |