Table 3.
Various analytical methods for the determination of phenolics from common buckwheat sprouts
| Instrument typea | Stationary phaseb | Mobile phasec | Flow rate; injection | Identification and/or quantificationd | Phenolics analytee | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UFLC | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm) |
A: 2% acetic acid in water B: 2% acetic acid in 45% acetonitrile |
1 mL/min; 10 μL |
355 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Lim et al. (2012) |
| HPLC–UV | C18 RP (3 μm, 250 × 2 mm); 45 °C |
A: acetonitrile/water/formic acid (6:89:5) B: acetonitrile/water/formic acid (80:15:5) |
0.2 mL/min |
350 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Horbowicz et al. (2013) |
| CE–UV | Silica NP (75 μm); 25 °C | 50 mM boric acid buffer containing 0.1 M SDS (pH 9.0) | Pressure injection (20 psi × 10 s) |
280 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Koyama et al. (2013) |
| HPLC–UV | C18 RP (150 × 4.6 mm); 40 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile |
0.8 mL/min; 10 μL |
280 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
||
| HPLC–MS | C18 RP (150 × 4.6 mm); 40 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile |
0.8 mL/min; 10 μL |
ESI positive mode Scanning (100–1000 m/z) External standard (RT) + MS spectra |
||
| HPLC–UV | C18 RP (150 × 4.6 mm); 40 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile |
0.8 mL/min; 10 μL |
280 nm External standard (RT) Rutin standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Nakamura et al. (2013) |
| HPLC–UV | C18 RP (250 × 4.6 mm) | Acetonitrile/0.1% formic acid (16:84) | 1 mL/min |
370 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Tsurunaga et al. (2013) |
| HPLC–UV | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 40 °C |
A: methanol/water/acetic acid (5:92.5:2.5) B: methanol/water/acetic acid (95:2.5:2.5) |
1 mL/min; 10 μL |
350 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid and phenolic acid | Arasu et al. (2014) |
| HPLC–UV | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 40 °C |
A: methanol/water/acetic acid (5:92.5:2.5) B: methanol/water/acetic acid (95:2.5:2.5) |
1 mL/min; 10 μL |
350 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid and phenolic acid | Kim et al. (2014b) |
| HPLC–UV | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 40 °C |
A: methanol/water/acetic acid (5:92.5:2.5) B: methanol/water/acetic acid (95:2.5:2.5) |
1 mL/min; 10 μL |
350 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid and phenolic acid | Lee et al. (2014) |
| HPLC–UV | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 50 °C |
A: 0.2% acetic acid in water B: 0.2% acetic acid in methanol |
5 μL |
350 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Ren and Sun (2014) |
| HPLC–DAD | C18 RP (3 μm, 250 × 2 mm); 45 °C |
A: acetonitrile/water/formic acid (6:89:5) B: acetonitrile/water/formic acid (80:15:5) |
0.2 mL/min |
350 nm (flavonoid); 520 nm (anthocyanin) External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Wiczkowski et al. (2014) |
| HPLC–MS | C18 RP (3 μm, 250 × 2 mm); 45 °C |
A: acetonitrile/water/formic acid (6:89:5) B: acetonitrile/water/formic acid (80:15:5) |
0.2 mL/min |
ESI positive mode External standard (RT) + MS spectra |
||
| HPLC–CoulArray–ECD | C18 RP (3 μm, 250 × 2 mm); 45 °C | Acetonitrile/water/phosphoric acid (9.99:89.99:0.02) | 0.2 mL/min |
+ 800–950 mV External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
||
| HPLC–DAD | C18 RP (3 μm, 250 × 2 mm); 45 °C |
A: acetonitrile/water/formic acid (6:89:5) B: acetonitrile/water/formic acid (80:15:5) |
0.2 mL/min |
350 nm (flavonoid); 520 nm (anthocyanin) External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Horbowicz et al. (2015) |
| HPLC–MS | C18 RP (3 μm, 250 × 2 mm); 45 °C |
A: acetonitrile/water/formic acid (6:89:5) B: acetonitrile/water/formic acid (80:15:5) |
0.2 mL/min |
ESI positive mode External standard (RT) + MS spectra |
||
| HPLC–PDA | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 25 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile |
0.8 mL/min; 20 μL |
350 nm External standard (RT) |
Flavonoid | Nam et al. (2015) |
| HPLC–Q–TOF/MS | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 40 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile |
0.8 mL/min; 20 μL |
ESI positive and negative mode Scanning (50 – 1700 m/z) External standard (RT) + MS spectra |
||
| HPLC–UV | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 30 °C |
1) C-glycosyl flavones analysis: A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: methanol 2) Other flavonoid analysis: A: 0.15% phosphoric acid in water B: acetonitrile 3) Phenolic acid analysis: A: 0.15% phosphoric acid in water B: methanol |
1 mL/min (flavonoid), 0.7 mL/min (phenolic acid); 20 μL |
355 nm (flavonoid); 270 nm (phenolic acid) External standard (RT) |
Flavonoid and phenolic acid | Zhang et al. (2015) |
| HPLC–MS | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 30 °C |
1) C-glycosyl flavones analysis: A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: methanol 2) Other flavonoid analysis: A: 0.15% phosphoric acid in water B: acetonitrile 3) Phenolic acid analysis: A: 0.15% phosphoric acid in water B: methanol |
1 mL/min (flavonoid), 0.7 mL/min (phenolic acid); 20 μL |
ESI negative mode Scanning (50 – 1000 m/z) External standard (RT) + MS spectra External standard calibration |
||
| HPLC–UV | C18 RP (3 μm, 250 × 2 mm); 45 °C |
A: acetonitrile/water/formic acid (6:89:5) B: acetonitrile/water/formic acid (80:15:5) |
0.2 mL/min |
350 nm (flavonoid); 520 nm (anthocyanin) External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Dębski et al. (2016) |
| HPLC–UV | C18 RP (150 × 4.6 mm); 40 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile |
0.8 mL/min; 10 μL |
280 nm External standard (RT) Rutin standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Nakamura et al. (2016) |
| HPLC–MS | C18 RP (2.6 μm, 100 × 2 mm); 25 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: acetonitrile |
0.3 mL/min; 10 μL |
ESI negative mode External standard (RT) + MS spectra External standard calibration |
Flavonoid and phenolic acid | Terpinc et al. (2016) |
| HPLC–DAD | C18 RP (3 μm, 250 × 2 mm); 45 °C |
A: acetonitrile/water/formic acid (6:89:5) B: acetonitrile/water/formic acid (80:15:5) |
0.2 mL/min |
280 and 320 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Phenolic acid | Wiczkowski et al. (2016) |
| HPLC–UV | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 35 °C |
A: acetic acid/water (2:98) B: acetic acid/ acetonitrile/water (2:45:53) |
1 mL/min; 10 μL |
355 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Yang et al. (2016) |
| HPLC–UV | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 30 °C |
A: acetic acid/water (0.15:99.85) B: methanol |
1 mL/min; 20 μL |
280 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid and phenolic acid | Park et al. (2017) |
| HPLC–MS | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 30 °C |
A: acetic acid/water (0.15:99.85) B: methanol |
1 mL/min; 20 μL |
ESI negative mode Scanning (100–1300 m/z) External standard (RT) + MS spectra External standard calibration |
||
| HPLC | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm) |
A: water B: acetic acid/methanol (5:95) |
1 mL/min; 5 μL |
254 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Jeong et al. (2018) |
| UPLC-MS | C18 RP (1.7 μm, 50 × 2.1 mm); 40 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: 0.1% formic acid in methanol |
0.25 mL/min |
ESI negative mode External standard (RT) + MS spectra External standard calibration Internal standard (chrysin) |
Flavonoid | Koja et al. (2018) |
| HPLC–PDA | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 40 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile |
0.8 mL/min; 20 μL |
350 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Nam et al. (2018a) |
| HPLC–PDA | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 40 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile |
0.8 mL/min; 20 μL |
350 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Nam et al. (2018b) |
| HPLC–PDA | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 40 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile |
1 mL/min; 5 μL |
360 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Jang et al. (2019) |
| HPLC–PDA | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 40 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile |
0.8 mL/min; 10 μL |
350 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Mansur et al. (2019) |
| HPLC–Q–TOF/MS | C18 RP (1.8 μm, 150 × 2.1 mm); 40 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile |
0.3 mL/min; 2 μL |
ESI negative mode Scanning (100–1000 m/z) External standard (RT) + MS spectra |
||
| HPLC–UV | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 30 °C |
A: acetic acid/water (0.15:99.85) B: methanol |
1 mL/min; 20 μL |
280 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid and phenolic acid | Park et al. (2019) |
| UPLC-MS | C18 RP (1.7 μm, 150 × 2.1 mm); 40 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile |
0.3 mL/min; 1 μL |
ESI positive mode External standard (RT) + MS spectra External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Chen et al. (2020) |
| HPLC–PDA | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 40 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile |
0.8 mL/min; 10 μL |
350 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Mansur et al. (2020) |
| HPLC–UV | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm) |
A: water B: 5% acetic acid in methanol |
1 mL/min; 20 μL |
254 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Sim et al. (2020) |
| HPLC–PDA | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 25 °C |
A: 1% formic acid in water B: 1% formic acid in acetonitrile |
1 mL/min |
370 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Witkowicz et al. (2020) |
| HPLC–DAD | Silica NP (7 μm, 150 × 3 mm) |
A: water-formic acid (90:10) B: acetonitrile/water/formic acid (85:10:5) |
0.8 mL/min; 20 μL |
External standard (RT) External standard calibration Internal standard (3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxybenzoic) |
Flavonoid and phenolic acid | Almuhayawi et al. (2021) |
| HPLC–MS/MS | C18 RP (2.7 μm, 50 × 0.5 mm); 45 °C |
A: water/formic acid (99.05:0.95) B: acetonitrile/formic acid (99.05:0.95) |
0.015 mL/min |
ESI negative mode (MRM) External standard (RT) + MS spectra External standard calibration |
Flavonoid and phenolic acid | Dębski et al. (2021) |
| HPLC–UV | C18 RP (5 μm, 150 × 4.6 mm); 35 °C |
A: 1% phosphoric acid in water B: methanol |
1 mL/min |
280 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Hung et al. (2021) |
| HPLC–PDA | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 40 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile |
1 mL/min; 5 µL |
360 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Jang et al. (2021) |
| HPLC–MS | C18 RP (5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm); 40 °C |
A: 0.1% formic acid in water B: 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile |
1 mL/min; 5 µL |
ESI negative and positive mode Scanning (200–1200 m/z) External standard (RT) + MS spectra |
||
| HPLC–DAD | C18 RP (3 μm, 150 × 2 mm); 25 °C |
A: 5% acetonitrile + 0.1% o-phosphoric acid B: 80% acetonitrile + 0.1% o-phosphoric acid |
0.25 mL/min |
350 nm External standard (RT) External standard calibration |
Flavonoid | Kalinová et al. (2021) |
| HPLC–MS | C18 RP (2.7 μm, 150 × 2.1 mm); 30 °C |
A: 0.1% aqueous formic acid B: acetonitrile |
0.25 mL/min; 20 µL |
ESI negative mode External standard (RT) + MS spectra External standard calibration |
Flavonoid and phenolic acid | Živković et al. (2021) |
aUFLC ultra-fast liquid chromatography, CE capillary electrophoresis, UPLC ultra-high performance liquid chromatography, DAD diode array detector, ECD electrochemical array detector, PDA photodiode array detector, Q-TOF/MS quadrupole time-of-flight/MS
bRP reversed-phase, NP normal phase
cSDS: sodium dodecyl sulfate; C-glycosyl flavones: orientin, isoorientin, vitexin and isovitexin
dRT: retention time comparison; ESI: electron spray ionization; MS spectra: data from MS analysis
eThe specific name for polyphenol analyte is described in Table 2