Table 2.

Benefits and drawbacks of different in vitro lung models.

Model	Benefits	Drawbacks
Air-liquid interface (ALI)	possible with primary cells, immortal cell lines and hPSCs mimics the air surface side of the alveolar epithelium available as 2D, 3D models as well as co-culture	lack of standards by primary cell lines different metabolic conditions by immortalized cell lines
Human lung organoids (HLOs)	different cell sources possible more clinical applicability	needs special handling and cultivation improvements
Lung on a chip (LOAC)	minimal numbers of cells necessary allows stretching of the cellular layer	high costs, limited availability
Precision cut lung slices (PCLS)	preserve structural and cellular composition of the lung extracellular matrix remains intact	lack of blood perfusion short term viability