Table 5.
Country-wise analyses for high psychological distress, fear of COVID-19, and coping among the study participants
| Characteristics | K-10 Score | OR (univariable) | OR (multivariable)a | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| coping (score 4–13) Low (score 10–15) | resilient coping (score 14–20) Moderate to very high (score 16–50) | |||||
| n | % | n | % | OR (95% CI, p value) | OR (95% CI, p value) | |
| Country of residence | 802 | 32.8 | 1645 | 67.2 | ||
| UAE | 8 | 1 | 26 | 1.4 | Ref | Ref |
| Pakistan | 21 | 2.6 | 42 | 2.6 | 0.62 (0.24–1.59, p = 0.316) | 0.23 (0.05–0.99, p = 0.048) |
| Libya | 24 | 3 | 56 | 3.3 | 0.72 (0.28–1.81, p = 0.483) | 0.99 (0.23–4.33, p = 0.99) |
| Egypt | 5 | 0.6 | 85 | 3.7 | 5.23 (1.57–17.38, p = 0.007) | 2.67 (0.45–15.79, p = 0.28) |
| Palestine | 7 | 0.9 | 88 | 3.9 | 3.87 (1.28–11.68, p = 0.016) | 1.78 (0.36–8.81, p = 0.479) |
| Nepal | 45 | 5.6 | 74 | 4.9 | 0.51 (0.21–1.21, p = 0.127) | 0.29 (0.07–1.18, p = 0.083) |
| Kuwait | 48 | 6 | 101 | 6.1 | 0.65 (0.27–1.54, p = 0.324) | 0.57 (0.15–2.16, p = 0.412) |
| Oman | 64 | 8 | 91 | 6.3 | 0.44 (0.19–1.03, p = 0.058) | 0.42 (0.11–1.59, p = 0.199) |
| Syria | 20 | 2.5 | 153 | 7.1 | 2.35 (0.94–5.9, p = 0.068) | 1.95 (0.46–8.36, p = 0.368) |
| Saudi Arabia | 79 | 9.9 | 168 | 10.1 | 0.65 (0.28–1.51, p = 0.32) | 0.54 (0.14–2.01, p = 0.356) |
| Jordan | 35 | 4.4 | 217 | 10.3 | 1.91 (0.8–4.55, p = 0.145) | 1.40 (0.33–5.96, p = 0.647) |
| Hong Kong | 123 | 15.3 | 159 | 11.5 | 0.40 (0.17–0.91, p = 0.029) | 0.43 (0.11–1.67, p = 0.222) |
| Thailand | 166 | 20.7 | 141 | 12.5 | 0.26 (0.11–0.6, p = 0.001) | 0.27 (0.07–1.06, p = 0.06) |
| Indonesia | 157 | 19.6 | 244 | 16.4 | 0.48 (0.21–1.08, p = 0.077) | 0.44 (0.11–1.68, p = 0.229) |
| Characteristics | FCV-19S Score | OR (univariable) | OR (multivariable) | |||
| Low (score 7–21) | High (score 22–35) | |||||
| n | % | n | % | OR (95% CI, p value) | OR (95% CI, p value) | |
| Country of residence | 1960 | 80.1 | 486 | 19.9 | ||
| Libya | 73 | 91.2 | 7 | 8.8 | Ref | Ref |
| Thailand | 272 | 88.6 | 35 | 11.4 | 1.34 (0.57–3.14, p = 0.498) | 0.92 (0.33–2.56, p = 0.878) |
| UAE | 30 | 88.2 | 4 | 11.8 | 1.39 (0.38–5.1, p = 0.619) | 0.97 (0.22–4.27, p = 0.967) |
| Saudi Arabia | 209 | 84.6 | 38 | 15.4 | 1.9 (0.81–4.43, p = 0.14) | 1.1 (0.41–2.96, p = 0.849) |
| Jordan | 210 | 83.3 | 42 | 16.7 | 2.09 (0.9–4.85, p = 0.087) | 0.66 (0.22–1.98, p = 0.454) |
| Syria | 143 | 83.1 | 29 | 16.9 | 2.11 (0.88–5.06, p = 0.092) | 0.98 (0.35–2.73, p = 0.967) |
| Nepal | 94 | 79 | 25 | 21 | 2.77 (1.14–6.77, p = 0.025) | 1.94 (0.68–5.55, p = 0.216) |
| Palestine | 75 | 78.9 | 20 | 21.1 | 2.78 (1.11–6.97, p = 0.029) | 0.76 (0.24–2.42, p = 0.646) |
| Kuwait | 117 | 78.5 | 32 | 21.5 | 2.85 (1.2–6.8, p = 0.018) | 1.88 (0.67–5.23, p = 0.229) |
| Indonesia | 307 | 76.6 | 94 | 23.4 | 3.19 (1.42–7.17, p = 0.005) | 2.27 (0.89–5.75, p = 0.085) |
| Oman | 118 | 76.1 | 37 | 23.9 | 3.27 (1.39–7.72, p = 0.007) | 2.84 (1.01–8.01, p = 0.049) |
| Hong Kong | 208 | 73.8 | 74 | 26.2 | 3.71 (1.64–8.42, p = 0.002) | 2.98 (1.08–8.25, p = 0.035) |
| Egypt | 61 | 67.8 | 29 | 32.2 | 4.96 (2.03–12.1, p < 0.001) | 1.88 (0.63–5.62, p = 0.257) |
| Pakistan | 43 | 68.3 | 20 | 31.7 | 4.85 (1.9–12.41, p < 0.001) | 3.55 (1.16–10.86, p = 0.026) |
| Characteristics | BRCS Score | OR (univariable) | OR (multivariable) | |||
| Low resilient coping (score 4–13) | Medium to High resilient coping (score 14–20) | |||||
| n | % | n | % | OR (95% CI, p value) | OR (95% CI, p value) | |
| Country of residence | 904 | 37 | 1542 | 63 | ||
| Libya | 57 | 72.2 | 22 | 27.8 | Ref | Ref |
| Pakistan | 35 | 55.6 | 28 | 44.4 | 2.07 (1.03–4.21, p = 0.041) | 2.35 (0.99–5.62, p = 0.054) |
| Egypt | 45 | 50 | 45 | 50 | 2.59 (1.37–4.99, p = 0.004) | 3.91 (1.68–9.06, p = 0.001) |
| Saudi Arabia | 110 | 44.5 | 137 | 55.5 | 3.23 (1.88–5.70, p < 0.001) | 3.32 (1.65–6.66, p < 0.001) |
| Jordan | 111 | 44 | 141 | 56 | 3.29 (1.92–5.81, p < 0.001) | 5.2 (2.39–11.32, p < 0.001) |
| Hong Kong | 116 | 41.1 | 166 | 58.9 | 3.71 (2.18–6.51, p < 0.001) | 3.97 (1.88–8.41, p < 0.001) |
| Kuwait | 57 | 38.3 | 92 | 61.7 | 4.18 (2.34–7.68, p < 0.001) | 5.66 (2.66–12.04, p < 0.001) |
| UAE | 12 | 35.3 | 22 | 64.7 | 4.75 (2.05–11.51, p < 0.001) | 5.32 (1.73–16.38, p < 0.001) |
| Nepal | 40 | 33.6 | 79 | 66.4 | 5.12 (2.78–9.68, p < 0.001) | 4.68 (2.16–10.12, p < 0.001) |
| Palestine | 31 | 32.6 | 64 | 67.4 | 5.35 (2.82–10.44, p < 0.001) | 10.68 (4.5–25.32, p < 0.001) |
| Indonesia | 119 | 29.7 | 282 | 70.3 | 6.14 (3.64–10.69, p < 0.001) | 7.01 (3.59–13.66, p < 0.001) |
| Thailand | 91 | 29.6 | 216 | 70.4 | 6.15 (3.60–10.84, p < 0.001) | 4.27 (2.06–8.86, p < 0.001) |
| Oman | 39 | 25.2 | 116 | 74.8 | 7.71 (4.24–14.45, p < 0.001) | 8.92 (3.98–20, p < 0.001) |
| Syria | 41 | 23.7 | 132 | 76.3 | 8.34 (4.62–15.53, p < 0.001) | 11.88 (5.53–25.53, p < 0.001) |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a
Adjusted for: age, gender, smoking, alcohol intake, living status, place of birth, country, education, employment status, employment stress, financial impact, contact with COVID-19 case, experience related to COVID-19, self-identification as a frontline or essential service worker, and healthcare service utilization.