TABLE 1.

Crosstalk between post-translational modifications involved in AD.

Crosstalk	Forms	Main findings	Functions	References
Acetylation and Phosphorylation	Positive	ERK phosphorylation depends on HDAC6	Contributes to skin inflammation	Kwon et al. (2021)
	Positive	lysine acetylation of STAT proteins promotes phosphorylation STAT, HDAC inhibitors decrease p-STAT	Contributes to TH2 differentiation and pruritus	Krämer et al. (2009), Zhuang (2013), Rösler et al. (2018)
Phosphorylation and Ubiquitination	Positive	NF-κB activation depends on phosphorylation-induced IκB ubiquitination	Contributes to skin inflammation and innate immune response	Choi et al. (2018), Giridharan and Srinivasan (2018)
Ubiquitination and SUMOylation	Positive	Trim32 induces PIAS4 ubiquitination and decreases SUMOylation levels	Contributes to skin inflammation and TH2 differentiation	Albor et al. (2006), Liu et al. (2010), Samaka and Basha (2020)
Uiquitination and Acetylation	Positive	p62 inhibits HDAC6 and prolonged protein ubiquitination	Contributes to keratinocyte apoptosis	Hou et al. (2020)
		MARCH-1 target HDAC11 ubiquitination	Contributes to TH2 differentiation	Oh et al. (2013), Kishta et al. (2018)

Abbreviation: AD, atopic dermatitis; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase; MARCH-1, membrane associated Ring-CH-1; Trim32, tripartite motif 32; TH2, T helper 2 cells; SUMO, small ubiquitin-like modifier; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; PIAS4, protein inhibitor of activated STAT 4; HDAC, histone deacetylase.