TABLE 1.

Summary of the nanomaterials used for the therapy of MI.

Category	Nanomaterials	Therapeutic agent	Administration route	Model	Results	References
Liposomes	Liposomes	PARP-1 inhibitor	Intravenous administration	Myocardial I/R injury	9-fold and 1.5-fold higher efficiencies of PARP-1 inhibition in cardiomyocytes and macrophages, respectively	Dasa et al. (2015)
Liposomes	Liposomes	AMO-1	Intravenous administration	MI	Relieved ischemic arrhythmia by silencing of miR-1 and restored the depolarized resting membrane potential	Liu et al. (2014)
Liposomes	Liposomes	Berberine	Intravenous administration	MI	Preserved the cardiac ejection fraction at day 28 after MI	Allijn et al. (2017)
Liposomes	SLNs	TFDM	Oral delivery	Myocardial I/R injury	Decrease infarct area, cardiac enzyme, and inflammatory factors	Tan et al. (2017)
Liposomes	Liposomes	MI antigens and rapamycin	Intradermal injection	MI	Attenuated inflammation in the myocardium, inhibited adverse cardiac remodeling, and improved cardiac function	Kwon et al. (2021)
Polymers	PLGA	AdSCs and simvastatin	Intravenous administration	MI	Contributed to significant cardiac functional recovery with intrinsic myocardial tissue regeneration	Yokoyama et al. (2019)
Polymers	PLGA	TLR4 inhibitor TAK242	Intravenous administration	Myocardial I/R injury	Reduced the infarct size by inhibiting recruitment of Ly-6Chigh monocytes to the heart, and decreased circulating HMGB1, and NF-κB activation and cytokine expressions	Fujiwara et al. (2019)
Polymers	PLGA	Irbesartan	Intravenous administration	Myocardial I/R injury	Inhibitd the recruitment of inflammatory monocytes to the IR heart, reduced the infarct size, and ameliorated left ventricular remodeling	Nakano et al. (2016)
Polymers	PEG-PLA	miR-133	Intravenous administration	MI	Improvd the cardiac function, reduced the myocardial infarction area, and inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress	Sun et al. (2020)
Polymers	Chitosan and alginate	PGF	Intramyocardial injection	MI	Increased left-ventricular function, vascular density, and serum anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, and decreased scar area formation and serum pro-inflammatory cytokines levels	Binsalamah et al. (2011)
Polymers	PEG-DGL	miR-1 inhibitor	Intravenous administration	MI	Decreased apoptotic cell death in the infarct border zone and reduced myocardial infarct size	Xue et al. (2018)
Polymers	PGEA	miR-499 and pVEGF	Intravenous administration	MI	Restored heart function and suppressed cardiac hypertrophy	Nie et al. (2018)
Polymers	PLGA	IGF-1	Intramyocardial injection	MI	Prevented cardiomyocyte apoptosis, reduced infarct size, and improved left ventricle ejection fraction	Chang et al. (2013)
Polymers and Inorganic Nanomaterials	Fe3O4, silica-PEG	CD63 and MLC antibodies	Intravenous administration	MI	Reduced infarct size and improved left-ventricle ejection fraction and angiogenesis	Liu et al. (2020)
Inorganic Nanomaterials	Iron	CD45 and MLC antibodies	Intravenous administration	Myocardial I/R injury	Reduced scar formation and improved pump function of the hearts	Cheng et al. (2014)
Inorganic Nanomaterials	Gold	DNAzyme functionalized gold nanoparticles	Intramyocardial injection	MI	Resulted in significant anti-inflammatory effects and improvement in acute cardiac function	Somasuntharam et al. (2016)
Biomimetic Nanomaterials	Exosomes	hiPSCs and hiPSCs-derived exosomes	Intramyocardial injection	MI	Increased cardiac function, reduced scar size and cell apoptosis, and promoted angiogenesis	Gao et al. (2020)
Biomimetic Nanomaterials	Monocyte mimics	MSC-derived EVs	Intravenous administration	Myocardial I/R injury	Promoted endothelial maturation during angiogenesis and modulated macrophage subpopulations	Zhang et al. (2020)
Biomimetic Nanomaterials	EVs	miR-21	Intramyocardial injection	MI	Inhibited cell apoptosis and led to significant cardiac function improvement	Song et al. (2019)
Biomimetic Nanomaterials	IONPs	Exosome-mimetic extracellular NVs	Intramyocardial injection	MI	Induced an early shift from the inflammation phase to the reparative phase, reduced apoptosis and fibrosis, and enhanced angiogenesis and cardiac function recovery	Lee et al. (2020)
Polymers and Biomimetic Nanomaterials	MIONs and PLA-PCB	PS	Intravenous administration	MI	Preserved the left ventricular remodeling and improved the cardiac function, and realized accurate diagnosis and site-specific treatment of the inflammatory stage	Chen et al. (2017)

PARP-1, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1; I/R, ischemia–reperfusion; AMO-1, anti-miR-1, antisense oligonucleotides; MI, myocardial infarction; SLNs, solid lipid nanoparticles; TFDM, total flavonoid extract from dracocephalum moldavica L; PLGA, Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid); AdSCs, adipose-derived stem cells; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; group box 1; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PLA, poly (lactide); PGF, placental growth factor; DGL, dendrigraft poly-L-lysine; PGEA, poly(glycidyl meth-acrylate); pVEGF, plasmid encoding vascular endothelial growth factor; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; MLC, myosin light chain; hiPSCs, human induced pluripotent stem cells; MSC, mesenchymal stem cell; EVs, extracellular vesicles; IONPs, Iron oxide nanoparticles; NVs, nanovesicles; MIONs, magnetic iron oxide nanocubes; PCB, polycarboxybetaine; PS, phosphatidylserine.