Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the individual prospective cohort studies.
| First author, published year | Location (cohort name) | Design | Cases/Participants | Age (median, yr), gender | Follow-up (median, yr) | Exposure of interest | Outcomes | QS | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measurement | Exposure range (top vs. bottom) | Endpoints | RR (95% CI) | |||||||
| Pietinen et al. (30) | America (ATBCS) | PC | 185/27,111 | 57.1, Male | 8.0 | Diet (FFQ) | Median of top quartile range vs. bottom in subjects: 2.4 vs. 1.0, g/day | CRC | 1.40 (0.90, 2.10) | 9 |
| Terry et al. (31) | Europe | PC | 460/61,463 | 52.0, Female | 9.6 | Diet (FFQ) | Median of top quartile range vs. bottom in subjects: 0.70 vs. 0.45, g/day | CRC | 0.99 (0.75, 1.32) | 8 |
| CC | 0.90 (0.63, 1.28) | |||||||||
| RC | 1.11 (0.70, 1.78) | |||||||||
| Brink et al. (32) | Europe (NLCS) | CH | 608/120,852 | 61.3, Both | 4.4 | Diet (FFQ) | Median of top quartile range vs. bottom in subjects: 1.8 vs. 0.70, g/day | CC | 1.01 (0.75, 1.36) | 9 |
| RC | 0.91 (0.58, 1.44) | |||||||||
| Daniel et al. (33) | America (CPS-II) | PC | 452/43,108 | 70.3, Male | 6.0 | Diet (FFQ) | Range of top quartile vs. bottom in subjects: ≥1.26 vs. <0.82, g/day | CRC | 0.87 (0.66, 1.04) | 9 |
| PC | 417/55,972 | 68.5, Female | 6.0 | Diet (FFQ) | Range of top quartile vs. bottom in subjects: ≥1.19 vs. <0.78, g/day | CRC | 1.38 (1.02, 1.85) | |||
| Murff et al. (34) | Asia (SWHS) | PC | 396/73,242 | 52.5, Female | 9.0 | Diet (FFQ) | Median of top quintile range vs. bottom in subjects: 1.44 vs. 0.58, g/day | CRC | 1.16 (0.66, 2.06) | 9 |
| CC | 1.40 (0.58, 3.37) | |||||||||
| RC | 0.64 (0.22, 1.89) | |||||||||
| Sasazuki et al. (35) | Asia (JPHCS) | PC | 774/41,382 | 56.9, Male | 9.3 | Diet (FFQ) | Median of top quintile range vs. bottom in subjects: 2.76 vs. 1.21, g/day | CC | 0.84 (0.56, 1.28) | 9 |
| RC | 1.10 (0.61, 1.98) | |||||||||
| PC | 494/47,192 | 57.4, Female | 9.3 | Diet (FFQ) | Median of top quintile range vs. bottom in subjects: 2.64 vs. 1.35, g/day | CC | 1.01 (0.65, 1.57) | |||
| RC | 1.02 (0.50, 2.06) | |||||||||
| Song et al. (36) | America (NHS & HPFS) | PC | 987/47,143 | 53.9, Male | 20.6 | Diet (FFQ) | Range of top quartile vs. bottom in subjects: ≥1.30 vs. <0.90, g/day | CRC | 0.89 (0.70, 1.13) | 7 |
| CC | 0.96 (0.72, 1.30) | |||||||||
| RC | 0.68 (0.41, 1.15) | |||||||||
| PC | 1,469/76,386 | 50.4, Female | 23.8 | Diet (FFQ) | Range of top quartile vs. bottom in subjects: ≥1.20 vs. <0.90, g/day | CRC | 1.05 (0.86, 1.29) | |||
| CC | 1.09 (0.87, 1.37) | |||||||||
| RC | 0.84 (0.52, 1.37) | |||||||||
| Hodge et al. (37) | Europe (MCCS) | CH | 395/41,514 | 58.5, Both | 9.0 | Diet (FFQ) | Range of top quintile vs. bottom in subjects: ≥1.13 vs. <0.66, g/day | CRC | 1.09 (0.77, 1.53) | 8 |
| CH | 395/41,514 | 58.5, Both | 9.0 | Plasma (GLC) | Range of top quintile vs. bottom in subjects: ≥0.21 vs. <0.10, % | CRC | 0.96 (0.69, 1.33) | |||
| Shin et al. (38) | Europe (WLH Cohort) | PC | 344/48,233 | 39.7, Female | 21.3 | Diet (FFQ) | Range of top quartile vs. bottom in subjects: 1.16-4.47 vs. 0.12-0.84, g/day | CRC | 1.17 (0.86, 1.59) | 9 |
| CC | 0.96 (0.65, 1.41) | |||||||||
| RC | 1.61 (0.98, 2.69) | |||||||||
| Nguyen et al. (10) | Asia (SMHS) | PC | 876/59,986 | 55.1, Male | 9.8 | Diet (FFQ) | Not available data | CRC | 1.15 (0.92, 1.43) | 9 |
| CC | 0.98 (0.74, 1.31) | |||||||||
| RC | 1.45 (1.03, 2.05) | |||||||||
| Wan et al. (39) | America (NHS & HPFS) | PC | 2,726/ 111,234 |
53.2, Both | 24.3 | Diet (FFQ) | Top quintile vs. bottom in subjects: not available | CRC | 1.01 (0.90, 1.15) | 7 |
| Kojima et al. (16) | Asia (JACC Study) | NCC | 83/324 | 60.5, Male | 7.1 | Adipose (GLC) | Range of top quartiles vs. bottom in subjects: >1.07 vs. <0.69, % | CRC | 0.39 (0.16, 0.91) | 9 |
| 86/326 | 62.4, Female | 7.1 | Adipose (GLC) | Range of top quartile vs. bottom in subjects: >1.10 vs. <0.71, % | CRC | 2.16 (0.87, 5.47) | ||||
| Cottet et al. (18) | Europe (E3N) | NCC | 328/947 | 57.5, Female | 9.0 | Erythrocyte (GLC) | Range of top tertiles vs. bottom in subjects: >0.12 vs. <0.10, % | CRC | 0.71 (0.49, 1.03) | 8 |
| Butler et al. (17) | Asia (SCHS) | NCC | 350/700 | 59.7, Both | 3.3 | Plasma (GC-MS) | Range of top quartile vs. bottom in subjects: >3.8 vs. <1.9, umol/L | CC | 0.41 (0.23, 0.73) | 9 |
| RC | 1.70 (0.84, 3.43) | |||||||||
| Wang et al. (40) | America (NHS & HPFS) | NCC | 809/4,610 | 57.1, Both | 20.0 | Erythrocyte (GLC) | Per 1-SD change in subjects: 0.06, % | CRC | 0.94 (0.88, 1.00) | 9 |
| CC | 0.94 (0.87, 1.02) | |||||||||
| RC | 0.94 (0.83, 1.06) | |||||||||
PC, prospective cohort; NCC, nested case-control; CH, case cohort; CRC, colorectal cancer; CC, colon cancer; RC, rectal cancer; RR, risk ratio; CI, confidence interval; SD, standard deviation; FFQ, food frequency questionnaire; GLC, gas-liquid chromatography; GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; QS, quality scores; ATBCS, Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study; NCLS, The Netherlands Cohort Study; CPS, Cancer Prevention Study; SWHS, Shanghai Women's Health Study; JPHCS, Japan Public Health Center (JPHC)-Based Prospective Study; NHS, Nurses' Health Study; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-up Study; MCCS, Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study; WLH, Swedish Women's Lifestyle and Health; SMHS, Shanghai Men's Health Study; JACC, Japan Collaborative Cohort; E3N, Etude Epidémiologique auprès de femmes de la Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale; SCHS, Singapore Chinese Health Study.