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. 2022 Apr 26;19:348–359. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.04.019

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© 2022 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 2 — The overall distribution of epicardial elastin network in three regions (base, middle, and apex) of the left ventricle was obtained using the 3D laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM). The top region (B1–B5) and middle region (M1–M4) show the epicardium samples that cover each region from the anterior side to the posterior side. The bottom region (A1–A3) represents the epicardium samples around/on the apex region. Right panel shows the multilayered helical structure of the heart muscle fibers revealed by our previous Diffusion-Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DT-MRI) study [59]. We noticed that the overall architecture of the epicardial elastin network from the base to the apex has certain correlation with the helical structure of the heart muscle fibers.