Table 2.
Variables used in the model
| Dependent variable | Description | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| CO2_emissions | Carbon dioxide emissions from agriculture | Thousand tons |
| CH4_emissions | Methane emissions from agriculture | Thousand tons |
| N2O_emissions | Nitrous Oxide emissions from agriculture | Thousand tons |
| Independent variables | ||
| Population (P) | Population size of the country | Number of persons |
| Rural population (RP) | Number of rural inhabitants | Number of persons |
| Rural population square (RP2) | Square of rural population to capture nonlinear effects | |
| Urbanization (U) | Urban population as percentage of total population | Percentage |
| Urbanization square (U2) | Square of urbanization to capture nonlinear effects | |
| GDP per capita (A) | GDP per capita in real USD | USD |
| Energy intensity (EI) | Energy used per unit of industry income | Ktoe/ million USD |
| Carbon intensity (CI) | Emissions per unit of fuel used | Thousand tons/ktoe |
| Fertilizer use (F) | Amount of nitrogen-based fertilizer used | Tons |
| Cereal yield (CY) | Quantity of grain produced per unit land area | Kg/hectare |
| Land area (LA) | Area of land under agricultural cultivation | Hectare |
| Land irrigated (LI) | Area of lander under irrigation | Hectare |
| Rice cultivated (RC) | Amount of rice cultivated | Million tons |
| Fertilizer use intensity (FI) | Amount of nitrogen fertilizer used per land area | Kg/hectare |