Table 2.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants
| Characteristics | Baseline |
|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (s.d.) | |
| Baseline | 38.8 (15.4) |
| Follow-up | 39.9 (15.4) |
| Months between measures, mean (s.d) | 12.1 (2.4) |
| Gender, women, n (%) | 121 (54.4) |
| Completed educationa, n (%) | |
| Low | 19 (8.6) |
| Middle | 50 (22.5) |
| High | 144 (64.9) |
| Unknown | 9 (4.1) |
| DSM diagnostic category, n (%) | |
| Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders | 21 (9.5) |
| Depressive disorder | 37 (16.8) |
| Anxiety disorder | 9 (4.04) |
| Obsessive–compulsive and related disorders | 41 (18.5) |
| Misophonia (impulse-control disorder not otherwise specified) | 88 (39.6) |
| Bipolar disorder | 14 (6.31) |
| Other disorders | 12 (5.4) |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | 54 (24.3) |
| Presence of treatment, n (%) | |
| None | 12 (5.4) |
| Before time point 1 | 158 (71.2) |
| Between time points 1 and 2 | 52 (23.4) |
| Medication, n (%) | |
| Antidepressants | 61 (27.8) |
| Antipsychotics | 24 (10.8) |
| Benzodiazepines | 3 (1.4) |
| Psychostimulants | 4 (1.8) |
| Mood stabilisers | 4 (1.8) |
| Other (non-psychotropic)b | 44 (19.8) |
| None | 82 (36.9) |
| Psychotherapy and treatments, n (%)c | |
| Evidence-based treatments | 178 (80.2) |
| Supplementary or alternative interventions | 161 (72.5) |
Based on the Verhage coding of educational levels : low (1–4: less than or equal to primary education or low-level secondary education), middle (5: average-level secondary education) and high (6–7: high-level secondary education or university degree).
Other medication includes anti-inflammatory, antihistamine, anti-epilepsy, contraceptives, cholesterol medication, corticosteroids, dopamine agonists and various supplements.
Participants often followed multiple types of treatment. Evidence-based treatments include cognitive and behavioural therapies, trauma therapies, system therapy, schema therapy and psychotherapies. Supplementary or alternative interventions include talk therapy, counselling, coaching, expressive or creative therapies, skills trainings, psychodynamic therapy, reintegration support, peer support, ambulant care and lifestyle interventions.