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. 2022 Jul 19;9(1):e000909. doi: 10.1136/bmjgast-2022-000909

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Frontal view of the final smoothed model prior to additive manufacture, showing the tumour (red), inferior vena cava (IVC) and hepatic veins (grey), hepatic artery (beige), portal vein (pink) and gall bladder (cyan), parenchyma (transparent blue). The discs at both distal ends of the model are used to fix the blood vessels in space to prevent model distortion and used as an orientation/ location marker during embedding of the surrogate vascular model. The use of hollow and dissolvable additive manufactured scaffolds for the creation of an accurate, multilayered vascular system that could be embedded in the surrogate parenchyma was previously unknown in the literature and may be useful in a variety of other applications and organs.