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. 2022 Jul 19;9(1):e000909. doi: 10.1136/bmjgast-2022-000909

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2022. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Bar chart showing the comparative hardness among 150 test specimens during indentation tests with a stand-mounted shore 00 calibrated durometer measured as per the standards. Each bar represents the arithmetic mean of 25 specimens tested. Error bars indicate an SD of 2.39. Live human liver parenchyma was previously reported as 15.06 H00 (±2.64)¹⁵ and ex vivo porcine liver was 30.52 H00±1.520.¹² in the current study. Ex vivo porcine liver parenchyma was found to be 23 H00 (±2.39), and the synthetic liver parenchyma was 10 H00 (±2.09). The hardness of the surrogate vascular tissue was 44 H00 (±1.03). Hardness of porcine hepatic vascular tissue thickness did not meet requirements for test standards, but the literature assigns an aortic vascular tissue (bovine) hardness average of 41 H00.⁴⁴ No specific published data could be found on the shore 00 hardness of tumours for comparison. The standard ASTM D2240-15 2021- (table x1.1), used to gather this data, specifies that the 00 shore hardness scale is the only agreed method for characterisation of both extremely soft rubber, human and animal tissues alike.