Table 1.
Main characteristics of included studies
| Study Country | Design | Follow-up (w) | Sample | Intervention | Outcome | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Size | Age (years) Mean, (SD) | Gender (female) (%) | Diagnoses | Inclusion Criteria | Type | Modality | Nº of sessions | Duration (m) | Staff qualification | Measure | Period (w) | |||||
| N | IG | CG | ||||||||||||||
| Adler et al., 2004 USA [25] | RCT | 16 | 533 | 268 | 265 | 42.3 (13.9) | 71.80 | MDD ± PDD |
≥ 18 years MDD and/or PDD (DSM-IV) English reading comprehension |
CCM | Face-to-face | 9 | 6 | Doctoral-level clinical pharmacist | Correct medication intakes |
Base 12 24 |
| Akerblad et al., 2003 Sweden [26] | Cluster RCT | 24 | 1,031 | 366 | 339 | 48.4 (14.36) | 28.10 | MDD |
≥ 18 years MDD (DSM-IV) SSRI prescription |
Education + support (programme RHYTHMS) | Letters + telephone | 5 letters + 4 telephone calls | 6 | GPs | Self-report | 24 |
| Serum levels | 24 | |||||||||||||||
| Appointments kept | 24 | |||||||||||||||
| Composite index | 24 | |||||||||||||||
| Aljumah and Hassali, 2015 Saudi Arabia [59] | RCT | 16 | 239 | 119 | 120 | 39.5 (NR) | 58.16 | MDD |
18–60 years MDD (DSM-IV) AD prescription |
SDM | Face-to-face | 2 | 6 | Pharmacist, psychiatrist and trained nurse | MMAS | 12 |
| Al-Saffar et al., 2008, 2005 Kuwait [37] | RCT | 20 | 300 | 100 | 100 | NR | 33.10 | MDD |
≥ 18 years Unipolar depression (ICD-10) TCA or SSRI prescription |
Counselling | Face-to-face + leaflet | 1 | NA | Trained pharmacist | Self-report + Pill count |
20 6 |
| 100 | Education + support | Leaflet | Correct medication intakes | 6 | ||||||||||||
| Browne et al., 2002 Canada [70] | RCT | 24 | 707 | 212 | 196 | 42.4 (NR) | 68.00 | PDD ± MDD |
18–75 years PDD ± MDD (DSM-IV) |
Interpersonal psychotherapy | Face-to-face | 10 | 6 | Masters-level therapist | Correct medication intakes | 24 |
| Capoccia et al., 2004 USA [71] | RCT | 52 | 74 | 41 | 33 | 38.7 (13.5) | 57.00 | Depressive episode |
≥ 18 years Depressive episode New AD prescription |
CCM | Telephone | 16 | 12 | Clinical pharmacist | Self-report |
12 24 36 52 |
| Chang et al., 2014 USA [72] | Cluster RCT | 24 | 915 | 503 | 411 | 46.03 (21.49) | 66.30 | MDD |
≥ 18 years MDD Newly prescribed AD Capable of self-management and understand English |
Monitoring and feedback to physicians about the patient's symptom severity | Telephone | 6 | 6 | GPs or internal medicine doctors | Correct medication intakes and adapted questions from MMAS |
12 24 |
| de Jonghe et al., 2001 Netherlands [74] | RCT | 24 | 167 | 83 | 84 | 34 (19–60) | 62.00 | PDD ± MDD |
18–60 years DSM-III criteria MDD with or without dysthymia 17-item HDRS ≥ 14 Written informed consent |
Short Psychodynamic Supportive Psychotherapy | Face-to-face | 16 | 6 | Psychiatrist ± fully trained psychotherapist | Pharmacotherapy dropout rates | 24 |
| Desplenter et al., 2013 Belgium [27] | Cluster nRCT | 52 | 99 | 41 | 58 | 46.10 (11.10) | 62.60 | MDD |
≥ 18 years; MDD ( DSM-IV-TR) AD prescription Dutch speaking Could be reached by telephone for follow-up |
Tailoring counselling or counselling intervention | Telephone | 1 | 1 day | Pharmacist | MMAS |
4 12 |
| Gervasoni et al., 2010 Switzerland [28] | nRCT | 2 | 131 | 81 | 50 | 36.24 (19–62) | 59.54 | Moderate or severe depressive episode |
18–65 years; Moderate or severe depressive episode without psychotic characteristics (ICD-10) MADRS scale ≥ 25 |
Monitoring and motivational support | Telephone | 3 | 2 weeks | Psychiatrist and research nurse | AD plasma level | 2 |
| Guo et al., 2015 China [65] | RCT | 24 | 81 | 44 | 37 | 41.10 (12.10) | 64.16 | Moderate to severe MDD |
Outpatients 18–65 years Non-psychotic MDD ( DSM-IV) HAM-D ≥ 17 |
Measurement-based care | Face-to-face | NA | NA | Psychiatrist and raters | NR | 12 |
| Hammonds et al., 2015 USA [29] | RCT | 4 | 57 | 30 | 27 | 20.6 (4.3) | 85.96 | MDD (89,4%) |
18–30 years AD prescription English speaking Patients who had an Android or iPhone smartphone |
Medication reminder app | Smartphone | Until study termination | 1 | Trained research assistant | Correct medication intakes | 4 |
| Interian et al., 2013 USA [30] | RCT | 20 | 50 | 26 | 24 | 40.6 (16.90)a | 76.00 | MDD or PDD |
≥ 18 years MDD or PDD (DSM-IV) AD prescription |
Motivational Enhancement Therapy | Face-to-face | 3 | 5 | Clinical psychologist and psychology doctoral students | Pill Count |
5 20 |
| John et al., 2016 India [31] | RCT | 6 | 39 | 17 | 22 | 34 (21–46) | 61.53 | Mild depression, moderate depression or PDD |
18–60 years Depression or PDD (ICD-10) AD monotherapy 12–23 HAM-D score |
Educational | Face-to-face | NR | NR | Clinicians | Correct medication intakes | 6 |
| Katon et al., 2002 USA [32] | RCT | 112 | 171 | NR | NR | 46.95 (18–80) | 74.55 | MDD |
18–80 years; new AD prescription ≥ 11 SCL-20 and > 4 DSM-IV or < 4 DSMIV and ≥ 11,5 SCL-20 |
CCM | Face-to-face | 0–7 | 28 | GPs and psychiatrist | Adequate prescription refills |
24 48 72 96 112 |
| Katon et al., 2001 USA [33] | RCT | 52 | 386 | 194 | 192 | 46.0 (17.85)a | 73.70 | MDD or PDD |
18–80 years MDD or PDD AD prescription |
CCM | Mail + website | 4 mailings + 3 telephone calls | 12 | GPs, psychologists, nurse practitioners and social worker | Automated data on refill |
12 24 36 52 |
| Katon et al., 1999 USA [34] | RCT | 24 | 228 | 114 | 114 | 46.9 (19.38)a | 74.50 | MDD or PDD or anxiety |
18–80 years MDD or PDD ≥ 4 DSM- III-R major depressive symptoms + SCL-20 score ≥ 1.0 or < 4 major depressive symptoms + SCL-20 score ≥ 1.5 |
CCM | Book + videotape + face-to-face | ≤ 7 | 6 | GPs and psychiatrist | Automated data on refill |
4 12 24 |
| Katon et al., 1996 USA [35] | RCT | 12 | 153 | 31 | 34 | 44.4 (26.88)a | 73.86 | MDD |
18–75 years Definite or probable MDD or PDD SCL-20 score ≥ 0.75 Willingness to take AD |
CCM | Book + videotape + face-to-face | 4–6 sessions + 4 telephone calls | 6 | GPs and psychologist | Automated data on refill |
4 12 |
| Katon et al., 1995 USA [36] | RCT | 12 | 217 | 108 | 109 | 35.9 (28.83)a | 77.60 | MDD or PDD |
18–780 years Definite or probable MDD or PDD SCL-20 score ≥ 0.75 Willingness to take AD |
CCM | Book + videotape + face-to-face | 4 | 1 | GPs, therapists and psychiatrists | Automated data on refill |
4 12 |
| Keeley et al., 2014 USA [38] | Cluster RCT | NR | 175 | 85 | 86 | 33.40 (38–60) | 38.05 | Depression |
≥ 18 years newly diagnosed English speakers Consenting patients Positive Patient Health Questionnaire ≥ 10 PHQ-9 score |
Motivational Interviewing | Face-to-face | 4 | 13 | GPs | NR | |
| Klang et al., 2015 Israel [39] | nRCT | 24 | NR | 173 | 12,746 | 50.5 (25.96)a | 68.05 | Depressive episode |
≥ 18 years Depressive episode (DSM-IV) Escitalopram prescription |
Pharmacist adherence support | Face-to-face | 6 | NR | Community Pharmacist | Correct medication intakes |
4 24 |
| Kutcher et al., 2002 Canada [40] | RCT | 29 | 269 | 131 | 138 | NR | NR | MDD |
MDD (DSM-IV) Contraceptive method in females of childbearing years |
Education + support (programme RHYTHMS) | Letters + telephone | 5 letters + 4 telephone calls | 6 | Research nurses | Pill count | NR |
| LeBlanc et al., 2015 USA [41] | Cluster RCT | 24 | 297 | 138 | 139 | 43.5 (43.54)a | 66.92 | Moderate to severe depression |
≥ 18 years Moderate/Severe depression PHQ-9 score ≥ 10 |
SDM | Face-to-face | 2 | 6 | Clinicians | Automated data on refill | 24 |
| Lin et al., 2003 USA [42] | RCT | 52 | 386 | 194 | 192 | 46.0 (17.85)a | 26.40 | High risk for recurrent depression |
18–80 years AD prescription Improvement of depressive episode (≥ 4 DSM- III-R major depressive symptoms or 4 major depressive symptoms + SCL-20 score ≥ 1.5) High risk of relapse (≥ 3 lifetime depressive episodes or a history of dysthymia) |
CBT + motivational interviewing + education | Face-to-face + telephone | 2 sessions + 3 telephone calls | 12 | Psychologist, psychiatric nurse and social worker | % of days covered | 52 |
| Lin et al., 1999 USA [43] | RCT | 19 | 156 | 63 | 53 | 44.10 (13.60) | 81.00 | MDD |
18–80 years AD prescription SCL-20 score ≥ 0.75 |
CCM | Face-to-face | 4 + 2 optional | 4.75 | GPs and psychologists | Self-reported and adequate pharmacotherapy according to pharmacy data | 19 |
| Mantani et al., 2017 Japan [44] | RCT | 17 | 164 | 81 | 83 | 40.90 (NR) | 53.05 | MDD ± anxiety | 25–59 years; MDD without psychotic features (DSM-5 and PRIME-MD); antidepressant-resistant, BDI-II ≥ 10 for ≥ 4 weeks; AD in monotherapy (not antipsychotics or mood stabilizers); smartphones users; being an outpatient; no plan to transfer within 4 months | Smartphone CBT | Smartphone | 8 | 2.25 | Psychiatrists | Discontinuation of protocol antidepressant treatment by week 9 | 17 |
| Marasine et al., 2020 Nepal [69] | RCT | 16 | 196 | 98 | 98 | NR | 142 (72,45) | Depression |
18–65 year Diagnosed with depression AD prescription |
Education + support | Face-to-face + leaflet | 1 | NA | Clinical pharmacist | MMAS | 16 |
| Meglic et al., 2010 Slovenia [45] | nRCT | 24 | 19 | 10 | 9 | 35.71 (12.11) | 86.00 | Depression or mixed anxiety and depression disorder |
ICD10 group F32 or F41.2 first time or after a remission > 6 months Newly AD Internet and mobile phone BDI-II ≥ 14 |
CCM | Telephone + website | NR | 6 | GPs and psychologist | Correct medication intakes | 24 |
| Mundt et al., 2001 USA [46] | RCT | 30 | 246 | 124 | 122 | 40.5 (16.57)a | 82.83 | MDD |
MDD (DSM-IV) Symptom duration of ≥ 1 month AD prescription Hamilton Depression score ≥ 18 |
Education + support (programme RHYTHMS) | Mail + telephone | 1mailing + telephone calls | 7 | NR | Medication days | 30 |
| Myers and Calvert, 1984 UK [49] | RCT | NR | 120 | 40 | 40 | 41.7 (29.79) | 74.20 | Depression |
Depression, reactive or endogenous Dothiepin prescription |
Education | Leaflet | 1 | NA | NA | Correct medication intakes |
3 6 |
| Myers and Calvert, 1976 UK [47] | nRCT | NR | 89 | 46 | 43 | 47.8 NR | 66.30 | Depression |
21–77 years ≥ Attack of primary depression, reactive or endogenous Dothiepin prescription |
Education | Leaflet | 1 | NA | NA | Correct medication intakes | NR |
| Nwokeji et al., 2012 USA [50] | RCT | 52 | 166 | 101 | 65 | 47.8 (12.01)a | 88.00 | MDD |
MDD AD prescription |
Enhanced care | Mail + telephone | NR | 12 | Nurses and social worker | % of days covered | 52 |
| Perahia et al., 2008 11 European countries [51] | RCT | 4 | 962 | 485 | 477 | 46.2 (18.46)a | 64.20 | MDD |
≥ 18 years MDD (DSM-IV) Hamilton Depression score ≥ 15 Access to a telephone |
Education | Telephone | 3 | 12 | GPs or psychiatrists | Pill count |
2 6 12 |
| Perlis et al., 2002 USA [75] | RCT | 28 | 132 | 66 | 66 | 39.9 (14.57)a | 54.60 | MDD |
18–65 years MDD (DSM-III-R) Hamilton Depression score ≥ 16 History of ≥ 3 major depressive episodes, diagnosis of current episode as chronic; history of poor interepisode recovery; or both MDD and PDD |
CBT | Face-to-face | 19 | 28 | Clinicians and psychologists | Correct medication intakes | 28 |
| Pradeep et al., 2014 India [52] | Cluster RCT | 24 | 260 | 122 | 138 | NR | 100.00 | MDD + PD, social phobia or GAD |
Women ≥ 18 years MDD (DSM-IV-TR) |
Education + support | Face-to-face | 2 | 4 | Health workers | Duration of compliance (days) | 28 |
| Richards et al., 2016 UK [53] | Cluster RCT | 52 | 581 | 276 | 305 | NR | 71.94 | Depressive episode |
≥ 18 years Depressive episode (ICD-10) |
CCM | Face-to-face | 6–12 | ≥ 3 | Trained care managers, GPs and mental health worker | Self-report |
16 52 |
| Rickles et al., 2006, 2005 USA [54, 55] | RCT | 24 | 63 | 31 | 32 | 37.6 (17.15)a | 84.10 | Depressive symptoms |
≥ 18 years BDI-II ≥ 16 Willingness to take AD |
Education + monitoring | Telephone | 3 | 3 | Trained pharmacist | Medication intakes |
12 24 |
| Salkovskis et al., 2006 UK [56] | RCT | 26 | 77 | 39 | 38 | 40.5 (NR) | 81.82 | Depressive disorder |
17–70 year AD prescription |
Self-help programme | Telephone | NR | 6.5 | GPs | Length of time medication | 26 |
| Simon et al., 2011 USA [58] | RCT | 24 | 197 | 104 | 93 | 45.5 (NR) | 72.12 | Depressive disorder |
≥ 18 years New AD No AD ≥ 270 days before Online messaging |
Support | Telephone | 4 | 4 | GPs, psychiatrist and nurse | Using antidepressant for over 90 days | 24 |
| Simon et al., 2006 USA [57] | RCT | 24 | 207 | 103 | 104 | 43.0 (21.21)a | 65.00 | MDD or PDD |
≥ 18 years MDD or PDD New AD prescription |
Support | Telephone | 3 | 3 | Nurses | Automated data on refill | 12 |
| Smit et al., 2005 Netherlands [60] | RCT | 52 | 267 | 112 | 72 | 42.8 (19.39)a | 63.20 | MDD |
18–70 years MDD (DSM-IV) |
Education | Face-to-face + telephone | 3 | 3 | GPs | Correct medication intakes |
12 24 36 52 |
| 39 |
Education + psychiatric consultation |
4 | 3 | GPs and psychiatrist | ||||||||||||
| 44 |
Education + CBT |
15 | 3 | GPs and clinical psychologist | ||||||||||||
| Vannachavee, 2016 Thailand [61] | RCT | 6 | 60 | 30 | 30 | 45.3 (22.70)a | 84.00 | MDD |
≥ 18 years MDD (DSM-IV-TR) A new AD prescription Thai speaking |
Educational, motivational and cognitive intervention | Face-to-face | 4 | 1,5 | Candidate master degree researcher and nurses | Self-Medication Intake Record Form | 6 |
| Vergouwen et al., 2009, 2005 Netherlands [62, 63] | Cluster RCT | 26 | 211 | 101 | 110 | 43.0 (20.29)a | 67.40 | MDD |
≥ 18 years MDD (DSM-IV) |
Education + support + active participation in treatment process with discussion on AD | Mail + face-to-face | 7 visits | 6,5 | GPs | Self-report + pill counts |
10 26 |
| Wiles et al., 2014, 2013 UK [65, 66] | RCT | 52 | 469 | 234 | 235 | 49.6 (11.7) | 72.30 | MDD + PD, social phobia or GAD |
18–75 years AD prescription Patients’ adherence to the prescribed AD BDI-II ≥ 14 |
CBT | Face-to-face | 12–18 | 12 | Trained CBT therapist | 4-item MMAS (80%) | 48 |
| Wiles et al., 2008 UK [64] | RCT | 16 | 25 | 14 | 11 | 45.3 (NR) | 84 |
18–65 years Depressive disorder (ICD-10) AD ≥ 15 BDI-II Positive Morisky-Green-Levine test |
CBT | Face-to-face | 12–20 | 4 | GPs, psychiatrist and psychologist | 4-item MMAS (80%) | 16 | |
| Yusuf et al., 2021 [68] | RCT | 24 | 120 | 60 | 60 | NR | 81 (890.20) | MDD |
≥ 18 years MDD (ICD-10) AD prescription |
Education + support | Face-to-face + telephone | 1 sessions + 6 telephone calls | 6 | Pharmacist | MMAS | 24 |
aOwn estimation, AD Antidepressant, AG Agoraphobia, Base Baseline, CBT Cognitive behavioural therapy, CCM Collaborative care model, CG Control group, Cluster RCT Cluster randomized controlled trials, GAD Generalized anxiety disorder, GP General practitioner, IG Intervention group, m months, MDD Major depressive disorder, MMAS Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, N total sample, NA Not applied, NR Not reported, nRCT non-randomized controlled, PC Panic disorder, PDD Persistent depressive disorder or Dysthymic Disorder, Reminder APP Medication reminder app, SDM Share decision making, RCT Randomized controlled trials, w weeks