Table 1.

Advantages and disadvantages of different in vitro tumor culture models

Models	Advantages	Disadvantages
2D cell-culture	Cheap, High-throughput Easy to culture	Only tumor cell lines No TME Morphology and phenotype changes
3D spheroids	Cell-cell and cell-ECM interaction Physiological morphology	Batch-to batch variation Lack of vascularization and shear stress
Organoids	Patient-specific cell High heterogeneity	Expensive and difficult to culture Lack of vascularization and shear stress Lack of inherent functions of in situ organs