Fig. 4. NS-EM and neutralization analysis of mAbs targeting the NTD.

(A) Surface and cartoon [adapted from PDB ID 7A94 (39)] representation of the spike NTD. The residue positions of mutations and deletions in circulating VOCs are indicated in three views of the NTD. Fig. S1 lists mutations represented in each variant. (B) Footprints for three NTD-targeted antibodies, with the NTD “supersite” (26) outlined with a dashed line. The NTD-directed antibodies shown here define the approximate boundaries of the neutralizing epitope landscape. Additional NS-EM data are in table S3. (C) Fold-change in potency of pseudovirus neutralization experiments for each antibody–variant pair.