Table 9.

Pericardial disease combined standard and case-specific imaging

Sequence	Imaging plane	Indication
Spin echo CMR or cine bSSFP	Axial	Pericardial thickness, fluid extent, localization
Cine bSSFP	Short-axis views	Ventricular and atrial size and shape, ventricular function
	LV long-axis views RV-specific views
Cine CMR with tagging	Short-axis stack LV 4-chamber view	Screen for fusion of pericardium and myocardium in constriction
Real-time free-breathing bSSFP	Short axis	Ventricular coupling: ventricular septal shape motion pattern with respiration in constriction
T1- or T2-weighted with post Gadolinium spin echo or cine SSFP	Axial	Pericardial layer or fluid characterization
Late gadolinium enhancement	Axial	Distinguish fat vs. fibrosis vs. inflammation
Velocity encoded phase contrast flow	4-chamber view	Abnormal atrioventricular valve filling in constrictive pericarditis

CMR cardiac magnetic resonance, LV left ventricular, RV right ventricular, bSSFP balanced steady state free precession