Table 3.
Comparison between characteristics of COVID-19 patients currently smoking 10+ cigarette pack years versus Others†.
| 10+ Pack years (n = 16) | Others* (n = 572) | P † | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| Median (IQR) y | 51.0 (49.75–58.0)) | 45.0 (32.0–56.0)) | .006 |
| Distribution no./total no. (%) | .011 | ||
| 0–14 y | 0/16 (0.0) | 19/572 (3.3) | |
| 15–49 y | 4/16 (25.0) | 330/572 (57.7) | |
| 50–64 y | 10/16 (62.5) | 158/572 (27.6) | |
| =65 y | 2/16 (12.5) | 65/572 (11.4) | |
| Female sex no./total no. (%) | 1 (6.25) | 286/572 (50.0) | .001 |
| Median length of hospital stay (IQR) days | 16.0 (14.5–19.25) | 16.0 (13.0–21.0) | .987 |
| Fever on admission | |||
| Patients no./total no. (%) | 5/16 (31.2) | 182/572 (31.8) | >.99 |
| Median temperature (IQR) °C | 36.8 (36.67–38.0) | 36.8 (36.5–37.4) | .529 |
| Distribution of temperature no./total no. (%) | .453 | ||
| 11/16 (68.8) | 432/572 (75.5) | ||
| 37.5–38.0 °C | 2/16 (12.5) | 88/572 (15.4) | |
| 38.1–39.0 °C | 3/16 (18.8) | 45/572 (7.9) | |
| >39.0 °C | 0/16 (0.0) | 7/572 (1.2) | |
| Symptoms no. (%) | |||
| Conjunctival congestion | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.9) | >.99 |
| Nasal congestion | 1 (6.2) | 24 (4.2) | .506 |
| Dizziness and headache | 4 (25.0) | 61 (10.7) | .089 |
| Cough | 9 (56.2) | 378 (66.1) | .581 |
| Sore throat | 0 (0.0) | 55 (9.6) | .385 |
| Fatigue | 5 (31.2) | 160 (28.0) | .781 |
| Shortness of breath | 3 (18.8) | 53 (9.3) | .189 |
| Nausea or vomiting | 1 (6.2) | 31 (5.4) | .597 |
| Diarrhea | 1 (6.2) | 34 (5.9) | >.99 |
| Myalgia or arthralgia | 4 (25.0) | 67 (11.7) | .115 |
| Chills | 1 (6.2) | 76 (13.3) | .708 |
| Chest distress | 1 (6.2) | 86 (15.0) | .488 |
| Chest pain | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.0) | >.99 |
| Inappetence | 4 (25.0) | 94 (16.4) | .321 |
| Signs no. (%) | |||
| Throat congestion | 3 (18.8) | 202 (35.3) | .269 |
| Tonsil swelling | 0 (0.0) | 11 (1.9) | >.99 |
| Enlargement of lymph nodes | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Rash | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
| Coexisting disorders no. (%) | |||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 0 (0.0) | 8 (1.4) | >.99 |
| Hypertension | 5 (31.2) | 91 (15.9) | .158 |
| Diabetes | 5 (31.2) | 41 (7.2) | .005 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1 (6.2) | 17 (3.0) | .396 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2 (12.5) | 8 (1.4) | .028 |
| Hepatitis B infection | 0 (0.0) | 8 (1.4) | >.99 |
| Cancer | 0 (0.0) | 9 (1.6) | >.99 |
| Chronic renal disease | 0 (0.0) | 4 (0.7) | >.99 |
| Immunodeficiency | 1 (6.2) | 5 (0.9) | .153 |
| Laboratory findings | |||
| SaO2 < 95% no./total no. (%) | 2/6 (33.33) | 24/202 (11.88) | .165 |
| White-cell count | |||
| Median (IQR) ×109/L | 5.450 (4.375–6.950) | 4.750 (3.810–5.935) | .074 |
| Distribution no./total no. (%) | |||
| >10 × 109/L | 2/16 (12.5) | 12/483 (2.5) | .070 |
| 9/L | 2/16 (12.5) | 150/483 (31.1) | .166 |
| Lymphocyte count | |||
| Median (IQR) ×109/L | 1.0300 (0.8175–1.4600) | 1.250 (0.890–1.630) | .341 |
| Distribution no./total no. (%) | |||
| 9/L | 4/16 (25.0) | 85/469 (18.1) | .510 |
| Platelet count | |||
| Median (IQR) ×109/L | 159.0 (132.5–225.0) | 177.0 (144.0–220.0) | .403 |
| Distribution no./total no. (%) | |||
| 9/L | 6/15 (40.0) | 120/430 (27.9) | .381 |
| Median hemoglobin (IQR) g/L | 144 (140.8–151) | 138 (127–152) | .044 |
| Distribution of other findings no./total no. (%) | |||
| C-reactive protein =10 mg/L | 10/15 (66.7) | 161/390 (41.3) | .092 |
| Procalcitonin =0.5 ng/mL | 0/9 (0.0) | 20/339 (5.9) | >.99 |
| Lactate dehydrogenase =250 U/L | 6/15 (40.0) | 175/395 (44.3) | .948 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase >40 U/L | 3/16 (18.8) | 54/336 (16.1) | .731 |
| Alanine aminotransferase >40 U/L | 3/14 (21.4) | 89/408 (21.8) | >.99 |
| Total bilirubin >17.1 µmol/L | 5/15 (33.3) | 73/424 (17.2) | .158 |
| Creatine kinase =200 U/L | 1/10 (10.0) | 28/343 (8.2) | .581 |
| Creatinine =133 µmol/L | 1/15 (6.7) | 2/409 (0.5) | .103 |
| D-dimer =0.5 mg/L | 6/13 (46.2) | 94/400 (23.5) | .093 |
| Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (IQR) mm/h | 49.5 (3–61) | 18 (9–33) | .474 |
| Minerals | |||
| Median sodium (IQR) mmol/L | 139.0 (134.5–141.9) | 138.7 (136.0–141.0) | .985 |
| Median potassium (IQR) mmol/L | 3.9 (3.6–4.0) | 3.8 (3.5–4.1) | .635 |
| CD4+ T cells counts (IQR) cells/uL | 723.5 (570.5–833.0) | 481.0 (365.5–728.0) | .043 |
| CD4+/CD8+ ratio (IQR) | 1.840 (1.545–2.067) | 1.600 (1.200–2.285) | .695 |
| Radiologic findings | |||
| CT evidence of pneumonia no./total no. (%) | .929 | ||
| Typical signs of viral infection (Ground-glass opacity or patchy shadowing) | 9/16 (56.2) | 327/572 (57.2) | |
| Atypical signs (Stripe shadowing) | 6/16 (37.5) | 189/572 (33.0) | |
| Normal | 1/16 (6.2) | 56/572 (9.8) | |
CI = confidence interval, Covid-19 = coronavirus disease 2019, IQR = interquartile range.
*
Others were defined as patients who have never smoked, who have quit smoking and who are currently smoking but have not smoked more than 10+ Pack-years.
†
P values comparing severe cases and nonsevere cases are from χ2 test, Fisher's exact test, or unpaired 2-sided Student t test, or Mann–Whitney U test.