. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 21.

Published in final edited form as: Kinesiol Rev (Champaign). 2021 Dec 7;11(2):121–137. doi: 10.1123/kr.2020-0066

Table 4.

Associations/Effects Between Sleep and Fitness Outcomes in Early Childhood

		Quality assessment
No. of studies	Design	Risk of bias	Inconsistency	Indirectness	Imprecision	Other	No. of participants^a	Overall effect^b	Quality
0	Cross-sectional	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Not assignable
0	Longitudinal	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Not assignable
0	Acute experimental	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Not assignable
3	Chronic experimental	No serious risk of bias	No serious inconsistency	Serious indirectness^c	Serious imprecision^c	None	1,953	1 null, 1 positive, and 1 mixed^d	Low

Note. Fitness outcome measures included cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular/motor fitness, and combinations of fitness components. N/A = not applicable.

The number of participants may not represent unique participants.

Overall effect key: Null = no statistically significant association/effect; positive = statistically significant association/effect in hypothesized direction; mixed = at least one statistically significant association/effect if more than one association/effect examined; negative = statistically significant association/effect in opposite of hypothesized direction.

Downgraded two levels to low due to imprecision (only three published studies) and some concern of indirectness (all three studies examined the same intervention that involved multicomponents/health behaviors).

Study effects were null (Bürgi et al., 2012), positive (Puder et al., 2011), and mixed (Niederer et al., 2013).