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Related signaling pathways for macrophage polarization. M1 macrophages, which are classically activated by IFN-γ and LPS, are mediated by the PI3K-AKT-mTOR-HIF-1 signaling cascade pathway. Moreover, JAK-STAT1, Notch, and NF-κB also play important roles in the polarization of M1 macrophages. M2 macrophages alternatively activated in response to IL-4/IL-10 are mediated by JNK-STAT axes.
