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. 2022 Jul 7;12:914594. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.914594

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Copyright © 2022 Ng, Lee, Baloni, Diener, Heath and Su

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overview of metabolic interactions within the tumor microenvironment. The TME is composed of cancer cells, immune cells, and stromal cells embedded in extracellular matrix (ECM). Limited nutrients and oxygen lead to metabolic competition between cancer and various lymphocytes, especially hampering anti-tumor activity of effector T cells (T_EFF). Cancer cells adapts via upregulating nutrient transport and altering cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) to replenish metabolites. T cell immunity is further suppressed by cancer cells’ release of lactate produced by glycolysis and by recruitment of immune-suppressive cells due to Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity. T_MEM, memory T cell; NK, natural killer cell; Treg, regulatory T cell; TAM, tumor-associated macrophage.