Table 2.
Race, Ethnicity, and SES Information
| Author(s) | Race | Ethnicity | SES |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abbott et al. (2021) | NR | NR | NR |
| Ashley et al. (1996) | 84.9% White, 15.1% Black | NR | NR |
| Bachner-Melman et al. (2006) | NR | NR | NR |
| Bert et al. (2019) | NR | NR | NR |
| Brooks-Gunn et al. (1988) | Non-athletes- NR Athletes- 96.3% White, 1.9% Black, 1.9% Asian |
NR | middle- to upper-middle class |
| Byrne & McLean (2002) | 97% White, 3% Asian | NR | NR |
| Carvalhais et al. (2019)* | NR | NR | NR |
| Costarelli & Stamou (2009) | NR | NR | NR |
| Darcy et al. (2013) | 74.2% White, 11.2% Asian, 5.4% Black, 1.6% Biracial/Multiracial, 1% Other, .1% Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 6.1% Hispanic |
NR |
| Davis & Cowles (1989) | NR | NR | NR |
| Davison et al. (2002) | 100% White |
0% Hispanic |
66.7% of mothers had an education above a high school diploma. Equal proportions of families reported incomes below $35K, $35K-$50K and above $50K |
| de Oliveira Coelho et al. (2013)* | NR | NR | NR |
| DiBartolo & Shaffer (2002) | Non-athletes- 69% White, 14% Asian, 10% Other/NR, 4% Black Athletes- 84% White, 7% Asian, 6% Other/NR, 2% Black |
Non-athletes- 1% Hispanic Athletes- 0% Hispanic |
NR |
| Doyle-Lucas et al. (2010) | NR | NR | NR |
| Ferrand et al. (2009) | 100% White | NR | 100% middle to upper-class |
| Fortes et al. (2014)* | NR | NR | NR |
| Francisco et al. (2013) | NR | NR | NR |
| Gaines & Burnett (2014) | 24% White, 5.9% Black, 1.2% Other Other races NR |
68.9% Hispanic | NR |
| Goldfield (2009) | NR | NR | NR |
| Goodwin et al. (2016) | 92.9% ‘White-British’ Other races NR |
NR | Assessed based on location of schools through the United Kingdom’s Office for National Statistics. Sample included individuals who had average to low levels of economic deprivation. |
| Grupski (2010) | 74.5% White, 8.5% Black, 1.5% Asian, 1.9% Biracial, .7% NR | 12.8% Latina | NR |
| Haase & Prapavessis (2001) | NR | NR | NR |
| Hausenblas & Mack (1999) | NR | NR | NR |
| Hausenblas & McNally (2004) | 72.1% White, 19.2% Black | NR | 66.8% upper-middle class, 22.8% lower-middle class |
| Heradstveit | NR | NR | Perceived economic well-being as compared to others was reported as: 7.9% poorer than others, 22% better than others, 70.1% equal to others Maternal education was reported as: 10.8% primary school, 40.3% high school, 48.9% college/university Paternal education was reported as: 10.9% primary school, 43.3% college/university, 45.8% high school |
| Hoch et al. (2009) | Non-Athletes- 95% White, 2.5% Black Athletes- 100% White |
Non-Athletes- 2.5% Hispanic Athletes- 0% Hispanic |
NR |
| Holm-Denoma et al. (2009) | 58.4% White, 21.2% Black, 2.2% Asian, 3% Other |
15.3% Hispanic/Latina |
NR |
| Hulley et al. (2007) | NR | NR | NR |
| Jankauskiene & Baceviciene (2019) | NR | NR | NR |
| Jankauskiene et al. (2020) | NR | NR | NR |
| Jeong et al. (2011) | NR | NR | NR |
| Kong & Harris (2015) | NR | NR | NR |
| Krane et al. (2001) | NR | NR | NR |
| Latu (2021) | Non-Athletes- 77.9% White, 5.1% Native American, 2% Black, 2% Asian American/Pacifica Islander, 2% Biracial Athletes- 77.4% White, 5.7% Asian American/Pacifica Islander, 3.8% Biracial, 1.9% Black, 1.9% Native American |
Non-athletes- 6.7% Hispanic/Latina Athletes- 9.4% Hispanic/Latina |
Non-athletes- 8.7% less than $20K, 5.9% $20K-$30K, 8.3% $30K-$40K, 5.9% $40K-$50K, 9.5% $50K-$60K, 9.9% $60K-$70K, 13% $70K-$80K, 35.2% above 80K Non-athletes- 0% did not complete high school, 5.1% high school degree, 5.1% AA degree, 32.8% undergraduate degree, 53.4% graduate degree Athletes- 3.8% less than $20K, 3.8% $20K-$30K, 7.5% $30K-$40K, 9.4% $40K-$50K, 9.4% $50K-$60K, 18.9% $60K-$70K, 13.2% $70K-$80K, 34% above 80K Athletes- 50.9% graduate degree, 37.7 undergraduate degree, 7.5% high school degree, 1.9% did not complete high school, 1.9% AA degree |
| Mathisen et al. (2020) | NR | NR | NR |
| Michou & Costarelli (2011) | NR | NR | NR |
| Monthuy-Blanc et al. (2012) | NR | NR | NR |
| Morringsonet al., 2005 | Non-athletes- 50.9% White, 21.7% Asian, 6.6% Black, .9% Pakistani, .9% Arab-Palestinian Athletes: 56% White, 12% Asian, 6.7% Black, 2% Pacific Islander, .7% Iranian |
Non-athletes- 18.9% Hispanic Athletes- 22.7% Hispanic |
Non-athletes- 1.1% less than $10K, 1.1% $10K-$25K, 15.6% $25K-$50K, 42.2% $50K-$100K, 40% above $100K Athletes- .7% less than $10K, 2.9% $10K-$25K, 16.8% $25K-$50K, 44.5% $50K-$100K, 35% above $100K |
| Muia et al. (2016) | NR | NR | NR |
| Okano et al. (2005) | NR | NR | NR |
| Ozedengul et al., (2021) | NR | NR | Highest Education Completed- 65.7% university, 25.5% master’s degree, 5.2% high school, 1.8% elementary, 1.8% doctorate Employment- 52.1% student, 34.7% employed, 13.2% unemployed |
| Palermo & Rancout (2021) | Study 1- 75.6% Non-Hispanic/Non-Latinx- 66.7% White, 16.3% Black, 13.8% Asian, 7.9% Other, 1.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, .9% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander Study 2- 75.1% Non-Hispanic- 66.7% White, 11.6% Black, 11.6% Asian, 4% Other, .9% American Indian or Alaska Native |
Study 1- 24.4% Hispanic/Latinx- 72% White, 19.6% Other, 14% Black, 1.9% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.9% Asian, .9% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander Study 2- 24.9% Hispanic/Latinx- 76.4% White, 9.1% Other, 9.1% Black |
NR |
| Petisco-Rodriguez et al. (2020) | NR | NR | NR |
| Pritchard et al. (2007) | 90% White Other races NR |
NR | NR |
| Reinking & Alexander (2005) | NR | NR | NR |
| Rhea et al. (1999) | 34% Black, 22% White, 8% Other, 6% Asian, 2% Native American | 28% Hispanic |
NR |
| Robinson & Ferraro (2004) | NR | NR | NR |
| Rosendahl et al. (2009)* | NR | NR | NR |
| Rouveix et al. (2007) | NR | NR | NR |
| Schwarz et al. (2005) | 83% White, 10% Black, 1% Asian, 1% Native American |
NR | NR |
| Somasundaram & Burgess (2008) | 70.3% White, 13.3% Asian/Pacific Islander, 5% Black, 4.4% Other, .4% American Indian, | 6.6% Hispanic/Latino |
NR |
| Steinfeldt et al. (2011) | 75% White, 11% Black, 6% Multiracial, 4% Asian, 3% Other/NR |
1% Hispanic |
NR |
| Thiemann et al. (2015) | NR | NR | NR |
| Torstveit & Sundgot-Borgen (2005) | NR | NR | NR |
| Wollenberg et al. (2015) | NR | NR | NR |
| Zucker et al. (1999) | NR | NR | NR |
Note. NR= not reported.