TABLE 1.
Patient characteristics stratified by different grades of HE and baseline infection
| Baseline characteristic | No baseline OHE, no baseline infection (n = 352) Group 1 | OHE, no baseline infection (n = 221) Group 2 | No OHE, baseline infection (n = 100) Group 3 | OHE, baseline infection (n = 86) Group 4 | P** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predisposition | |||||
| Age (years) | 43.9 ± 13.6 | 45.6 ± 12.4 | 44.8 ± 11.7 | 48.7 ± 13.3 | 0.007* |
| Males:Females | 260 (73.9%): 92 (26.1%) | 162 (73.3%): 59 (26.7%) | 75 (75.0%): 25 (25.0%) | 69 (80.2%): 17 (19.8%) | 0.627 |
| Aetiology (CLD) | |||||
| HBV | 48 (13.6%) | 29 (13.1%) | 6 (6.0%) | 6 (7.0%) | 0.001 |
| Alcohol | 171 (48.6%) | 118 (63.4%) | 68 (68.0%) | 61 (59.3%) | |
| AIH | 40 (11.4%) | 14 (6.3%) | 3 (3.0%) | 6 (7.0%) | |
| Other | 78 (22.2%) | 46 (20.8%) | 20 (20.0%) | 13 (15.1) | |
| HCV | 11 (3.1%) | 4 (1.8%) | 1 (1.0%) | 3 (3.5%) | |
| Viral + alcohol | 4 (1.1%) | 10 (4.5%) | 2 (2.0%) | 7 (8.1%) | |
| Organ failures | |||||
| Liver | 142 (40.3%) | 69 (31.2%) | 30 (30.0%) | 26 (30.2%) | 0.052 |
| Kidney | 72 (20.5%) | 83 (37.6%) | 41 (41.0%) | 41 (47.7%) | <0.001 |
| Brain | 0 | 119 (53.8%) | 0 | 50 (58.1%) | <0.001 |
| Coagulation | 97 (27.6%) | 97 (43.9%) | 35 (35.0%) | 36 (41.9%) | <0.001 |
| Circulation | 65 (18.5%) | 54 (24.4%) | 25 (25.0%) | 30 (34.9%) | 0.010 |
| Respiratory | 85 (24.1%) | 119 (53.8%) | 35 (35.0%) | 54 (62.8%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory values | |||||
| Haemoglobin | 9.6 ± 2.4 | 9.4 ± 2.6 | 9.2 ± 2.3 | 9.2 ± 2.3 | 0.356 |
| TLC (×109) | 10.3 ± 6.5 | 10.4 ± 5.9 | 14.1 ± 8.6 | 16.0 ± 11.9 | <0.001(1 & 3,1 & 4, 2 & 3, 2 & 4) |
| Platelets (×109) | 98 (62–150) | 91 (62–134) | 83 (58–137) | 90 (62–145) | 0.522 |
| Bilirubin (mg/dl) | 12.9 ± 11.6 | 10.7 ± 9.7 | 10.5 ± 9.7 | 10.8 ± 9.3 | 0.188 |
| INR | 2.2 ± 1.0 | 2.7 ± 1.4 | 2.3 ± 0.9 | 2.6 ± 1.3 | <0.001 (1 & 2, 1 & 4) |
| Albumin (g/dl) | 2.7 ± 0.7 | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.6 | 2.4 ± 0.7 | 0.003 (1 & 3) |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.9 (0.6–1.6) | 1.3 (0.7–2.2) | 1.4 (0.8–2.5) | 1.7 (0.9–2.7) | <0.001 (1 & 3, 1 & 4, 2 & 4) |
| Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg) | 82 ± 13 | 83 ± 35 | 81 ± 12 | 81 ± 14 | 0.801 |
| Scores | |||||
| ACLF grades | |||||
| No ACLF | 174 (49.4%) | 38 (17.2%) | 25 (25.0%) | 5 (5.8%) | <0.001 |
| ACLF 1 | 45 (12.8%) | 21 (9.5%) | 24 (24.0%) | 9 (10.5%) | |
| ACLF 2 | 88 (25.0%) | 66 (29.9%) | 28 (28.0%) | 24 (27.9%) | |
| ACLF 3 | 45 (12.8%) | 96 (43.4%) | 23 (23.0%) | 48 (55.8%) | |
| MELD | 24.3 ± 8.6 | 26.4 ± 9.1 | 25.3 ± 9.3 | 27.1 ± 9.9 | 0.014 (1 &2) |
| CLIF‐C ACLF (those with ACLF) | 46.6 ± 8.6 | 51.7 ± 8.5 | 47.7 ± 8.3 | 53.4 ± 10.1 | <0.001 (1 & 2, 1 & 4, 2 & 3, 3 & 4) |
| De novo infection | 67 (19.0%) | 63 (28.5%) | 14 (14.0%) | 18 (20.9%) | 0.011 |
| 28‐day mortality (%) | 89 (25.3%) | 133 (60.2%) | 55 (55.0%) | 62 (72.1%) | <0.001 |
Note: All data are expressed as n (%) or median (interquartile range) unless otherwise specified.
Abbreviations: ACLF, acute on chronic liver failure; AIH, autoimmune hepatitis; CLD, chronic liver disease; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; INR, international normalised ratio; MELD, The Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease; TLC, total leukocyte count.
**P‐values describe comparison between respective groups.