Table 1.
Patient characteristics for all patients, patients with and without an abnormal RVEF, and patients with and without LGE
| All patients (n = 290) | Abnormal RVEF (n = 35) | Normal RVEF (n = 255) | p value | RV LGE (n = 16) | No RV LGE (n = 274) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years (SD) | 53.1 (12.2) | 54.3 (12.9) | 53.0 (12.2) | 0.56 | 55.9 (11.5) | 52.9 (12.3) | 0.36 |
| Women, n (%) | 141 (48.6) | 12 (34.3) | 129 (50.6) | 0.07 | 6 (37.5) | 135 (49.3) | 0.36 |
| Race | |||||||
| White, n (%) | 233 (80.3) | 24 (68.6) | 209 (82.0) | 0.06 | 14 (87.5) | 219 (79.9) | 0.46 |
| Black, n (%) | 50 (17.2) | 9 (25.7) | 41 (16.1) | 0.16 | 1 (6.3) | 49 (17.9) | 0.23 |
| Extra-cardiac sarcoidosis involvement (may be more than one) | |||||||
| Lung, n (%) | 260 (89.7) | 27 (77.1) | 233 (91.4) | 0.009 | 9 (56.3) | 251 (91.6) | <0.001 |
| Skin, n (%) | 27 (9.3) | 3 (8.6) < | 24 (9.4) | 0.87 | 3 (18.8) | 24 (8.8) | 0.18 |
| Liver, n (%) | 23 (7.9) | 4 (11.4) | 19 (7.5) | 0.42 | 2 (12.5) | 21 (7.7) | 0.49 |
| Eye, n (%) | 19 (6.6) | 1 (2.9) | 18 (7.1) | 0.35 | 1 (6.3) | 18 (6.6) | 0.96 |
| Nervous system, n (%) | 11 (3.8) | 1 (2.9) | 10 (3.9) | 0.76 | 0 (0.0) | 11 (4.0) | 0.41 |
| Other, n (%) | 98 (33.8) | 12 (34.3) | 86 (33.7) | 0.95 | 4 (25.0) | 94 (34.3) | 0.45 |
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 153 (52.8) | 21 (60.0) | 132 (51.7) | 0.36 | 7 (43.8) | 146 (53.3) | 0.46 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 136 (46.9) | 15 (42.9) | 121 (47.5) | 0.61 | 8 (50.0) | 128 (46.7) | 0.80 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 69 (23.8) | 11 (31.4) | 58 (22.7) | 0.26 | 4 (25.0) | 65 (23.7) | 0.91 |
| Former tobacco use, n (%) | 120 (41.4) | 15 (42.9) | 105 (41.2) | 0.85 | 4 (25.0) | 116 (42.3) | 0.17 |
| Current tobacco use, n (%) | 28 (9.7) | 1 (2.9) | 27 (10.6) | 0.15 | 2 (12.5) | 26 (9.5) | 0.69 |
| Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 31 (10.7) | 9 (25.7) | 22 (8.6) | 0.002 | 3 (18.8) | 28 (10.2) | 0.28 |
| Pulmonary hypertension, n (%) | 48 (16.6) | 14 (40.0) | 34 (13.3) | <0.001 | 1 (6.3) | 47 (17.2) | 0.26 |
| Cardiac symptoms | |||||||
| Palpitations, n (%) | 97 (33.4) | 6 (17.1) | 91 (35.7) | 0.029 | 7 (43.8) | 90 (32.8) | 0.37 |
| Chest pain, n (%) | 100 (34.5) | 13 (37.1) | 87 (34.1) | 0.72 | 5 (31.3) | 95 (34.7) | 0.78 |
| Pre-syncope, n (%) | 67 (23.1) | 6 (17.1) | 61 (23.9) | 0.37 | 7 (43.8) | 60 (21.9) | 0.044 |
| Syncope, n (%) | 14 (4.8) | 3 (8.6) | 11 (4.3) | 0.27 | 3 (18.8) | 11 (4.0) | 0.008 |
| NYHA functional class (I/II/III/IV), n (%) | 92/43/22/13 (31.7/14.8/7.6/4.5) | 10/5/7/5 (28.6/14.3/20.0/14.3) | 82/38/15/8 (32.2/14.9/5.9/3.1) | <0.001 | 4/3/1/2 (25.0/18.8/6.3/12.5) | 88/40/21/11 (32.1/14.6/7.7/4.0) | 0.57 |
| Arrhythmia prior to CMR | |||||||
| PVCs, n (%) | 70 (24.1) | 12 (34.3) | 58 (22.7) | 0.14 | 7 (43.8) | 63 (23.0) | 0.06 |
| Ventricular arrhythmia, n (%) | 20 (6.9) | 4 (11.4) | 16 (6.3) | 0.26 | 7 (43.8) | 13 (4.7) | <0.001 |
| Supraventricular tachycardia, n (%) | 28 (9.7) | 4 (11.4) | 24 (9.4) | 0.71 | 3 (18.8) | 25 (9.1) | 0.21 |
| Atrial fibrillation/Flutter, n (%) | 34 (11.7) | 5 (14.3) | 29 (11.4) | 0.62 | 4 (25.0) | 30 (10.9) | 0.09 |
| AVB (≥2nd degree), n (%) | 16 (5.5) | 5 (14.2) | 11 (4.3) | 0.016 | 5 (31.3) | 11 (4.0) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary function testing (n = 217) | |||||||
| FVC %predicted | 85 (66 – 96) | 76 (60 – 87) | 86(68 – 96) | 0.025 | 87(83 – 97) | 85 (66 – 96) | 0.45 |
| FEV1 %predicted | 79 (62 – 92) | 67 (54 – 83) | 80 (63 – 93) | 0.012 | 90 (77 –96) | 79(61 – 92) | 0.10 |
| DLCO %predicted | 83 (56 – 100) | 64 (30 – 86) | 86(59 – 103) | 0.004 | 81 (66 – 91) | 83 (55 – 101) | 0.95 |
| Medications | |||||||
| Aspirin, n (%) | 90 (31.0) | 11 (31.4) | 79 (31.0) | 0.96 | 8 (50.0) | 82 (29.9) | 0.09 |
| Beta-blockers, n (%) | 87 (30.0) | 13 (37.1) | 74 (29.0) | 0.33 | 6 (37.5) | 81 (29.6) | 0.50 |
| ACE-inhibitor/Angiotensin receptor blocker, n (%) | 87 (30.0) | 18 (51.4) | 69 (27.1) | 0.003 | 7 (43.8) | 80 (29.2) | 0.22 |
| Statin, n (%) | 91 (31.4) | 11 (31.4) | 80 (31.4) | 0.99 | 7 (43.8) | 84 (30.7) | 0.27 |
| Steroids, n (%) | 98 (33.8) | 14 (40.0) | 84 (32.9) | 0.41 | 2 (12.5) | 96 (35.0) | 0.06 |
| Non-steroidal immune modulatory agents, n (%) | 56 (19.3) | 9 (25.7) | 47 (18.4) | 0.31 | 2 (12.5) | 54 (19.7) | 0.48 |
Values are n (%) or mean (SD). ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme, AVB = atrioventricular block; CMR = cardiovascular magnetic resonance; DLCO = diffusion capacity of lungs for carbon monoxide; EF = ejection fraction; FEV1 = forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FVC = forced vital capacity; LGE = late gadolinium enhancement; LV = left ventricle; NYHA = New York Heart Association; PVC = premature ventricular complexes; RV = right ventricle; SD = standard deviation