TABLE 2.
Characteristics of patients underwent left ventricular catheterization
| LVEDP < 16 mm Hg (n = 20) | LVEDP ≥ 16 mm Hg (n = 35) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Male sex | 5(25%) | 14(34%) | .473 |
| Age (year) | 64 ± 2 | 62 ± 2 | .626 |
| Heart rate (beat/min) | 64 ± 2 | 68 ± 2 | .098 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.1 ± .7 | 24.6 ± .5 | .543 |
| Medical history | |||
| Hypertension | 12(60%) | 29(83%) | .061 |
| Coronary disease | 9(45%) | 11(31%) | .314 |
| CKD(stage ≥ 3)or ERSD | 1(5%) | 1(3%) | 1.000 |
| COPD | 1(5%) | 1(3%) | 1.000 |
| Diabetes | 4(20%) | 10(29%) | .483 |
| Medication, n (%) | |||
| β‐blockers | 5(25%) | 18(51%) | .056 |
| ACEI | 5(25%) | 8(23%) | .857 |
| ARBs | 4(20%) | 12(34%) | .262 |
| Calcium blocker | 5(25%) | 15(43%) | .185 |
| Diuretic | 2(10%) | 3(9%) | .859 |
| Laboratory | |||
| NT‐proBNP (pg/mL) | 71 ± 10 | 400 ± 124 | <.001 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||
| LV structure and function | |||
| LV end‐diastolic dimension (mm) | 47 ± 1 | 47 ± 1 | .253 |
| LVMI (g/m2) | 114 ± 4 | 122 ± 7 | .297 |
| RWT | .43 ± .2 | .42 ± .1 | .538 |
| LVEF(%) | 68 ± 2 | 64 ± 2 | .344 |
| GLS (%) | 20.0 ± .7 | 17.7 ± .7 | .044 |
| Doppler | |||
| Mitral E (cm/s) | 66 ± 2 | 69 ± 2 | .468 |
| Mitral A (cm/s) | 77 ± 4 | 87 ± 4 | .072 |
| E/A ratio | .8(.7,1.0) | .8(.6,.9) | .192 |
| TR peak velocity (IQR, m/s) | 2.4(2.1,2.5) | 2.3(2.2,2.6) | .850 |
| Septal e′ velocity (IQR, cm/s) | 6.7 ± .5 | 6.2 ± ± .3 | .367 |
| Lateral e′ velocity (cm/s) | 10.0(7.5,11.0) | 8.0(6.5,10.2) | .224 |
| E/e′ ratio (IQR) | 8.5(6.9,10.7) | 9.8(8.0,10.9) | .270 |
| LA structure and function | |||
| LAVI (mL/m2) | 15.0 ± 1.6 | 17.2 ± 1.2 | .297 |
| LAEF (%) | 54.5 ± 2.0 | 55 ± 2.0 | .772 |
| LASr (%) | 32.5 ± 1.4 | 23.5 ± 1.1 | <.001 |
| LA strain derived index | |||
| E/LASr (%) | 2.0 ± .1 | 3.1 ± .2 | <.001 |
| LASr/(E/e') | 4.1 ± .4 | 2.7 ± .2 | .001 |
| LAVi/LASr | .8 ± .1 | 1.2 ± .1 | .002 |
| LVMI/LASr | 3.5 ± .2 | 5.5 ± .6 | .003 |
CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD, end‐stage renal disease; GLS, left ventricular global longitudinal systolic strain; IQR, inter‐quartile ranges, LAEF, left atrial empty fraction; LASr, left atrium reservoir strain.; LAVI, left atrium maximal volume index; LV, left ventricle; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; RWT, relative wall thickness; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.