TABLE 4.
Characteristics of the study population
| Invasive group (n = 55) | The whole cohort (n = 389) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (IQR, year) | 64 (5670.5) | 64 (5572) | .922 |
| Male sex | 17 (30.9%) | 187(48.1%) | .017 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 24.3 ± .4 | 24.2 ± .2 | .542 |
| Medical history | |||
| Smoker | 25(45.5%) | 69(17.7%) | <.001 |
| Alcoholism | 9(16.4%) | 26(6.7%) | .013 |
| Hypertension | 41(74.5%) | 237 (60.9%) | .051 |
| Coronary disease | 14(25.5%) | 90(23.1%) | .701 |
| Diabetes | 20 (36.4%) | 89 (22.9%) | .030 |
| COPD | 2 (3.6%) | 10 (2.6%) | .648 |
| CKD (Stage ≥ 3) or ESRD | 2 (3.6%) | 26 (6.7%) | .384 |
| Laboratory | |||
| NT‐proBNP (pg/mL) | 302 ± 94 | 871 ± 163 | .002 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||
| LV structure and function | |||
| LV end‐diastolic dimension (mm) | 48 ± 1 | 48 ± 1 | .217 |
| LVMI (g/m2) | 118 ± 5 | 117 ± 2 | .718 |
| RWT | .43 ± .01 | .41 ± .01 | .072 |
| LVEF (%) | 66 ± 1 | 64 ± 1 | .351 |
| GLS (%) | 18.6 ± .6 | 19.5 ± .2 | .091 |
| Doppler | |||
| Mitral E (IQR, cm/s) | 67 (6077) | 75 (6290.5) | .004 |
| Mitral A (IQR, cm/s) | 81 (6996.5) | 85 (70 101) | .436 |
| E/A ratio | .9 ± .1 | 1.0 ± .1 | .005 |
| TR peak velocity (m/s) | 2.4 ± .1 | 2.5 ± .1 | <.001 |
| Septal e′ velocity (cm/s) | 6.3 ± .3 | 6.4 ± .1 | .860 |
| Lateral e′ velocity (cm/s) | 9.0 ± .4 | 8.9 ± .2 | .787 |
| E/e′ ratio | 9.4 ± .5 | 11.4 ± .3 | .001 |
| LA structure and function | |||
| LAVI (mL/m2) | 27.5 ± 1.4 | 32.1 ± .7 | .011 |
| LAEF (%) | 55 ± 1 | 54 ± 1 | .426 |
| LASr (%) | 27.4 ± 1.1 | 27.3 ± .6 | .823 |
| LA strain derived index | |||
| LA filling index (%) | 2.6 ± .1 | 3.4 ± .1 | <.001 |
| LA stiffness index | .38 ± .03 | .56 ± .04 | <.001 |
| LAVI/LASr | 1.06 ± .06 | 1.54 ± .08 | <.001 |
CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD, end‐stage renal disease; GLS, left ventricular global longitudinal systolic strain; IQR, inter‐quartile ranges, LAEF, left atrial empty fraction; LASr, left atrium reservoir strain.; LAVI, left atrium maximal volume index; LV, left ventricle; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LVMI, left ventricular mass index; RWT, relative wall thickness; TR, tricuspid regurgitation.