TABLE 1.
Rate ratios comparing the rate of testing during pregnancy—OptumLabs Data Warehouse, United States, 1 March to 31 December 2020
| All pregnancies | Pregnancies diagnosed with COVID−19 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of pregnancies | Tested | Number of pregnancies | Tested | |||
| n (%) | aRR a (95% CI) | n (%) | aRR a (95% CI) | |||
| Total | 78,283 | 5644 (7.2) | – | 2515 | 596 (23.7) | – |
| Maternal age (years) | ||||||
| <24 | 5684 | 345 (6.1) | 1.00 (Reference) | 277 | 62 (22.4) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| 25–29 | 19,496 | 1325 (6.8) | 1.14 (1.03, 1.26) | 773 | 195 (25.2) | 1.14 (0.89, 1.39) |
| 30–34 | 29,207 | 2157 (7.4) | 1.27 (1.16, 1.38) | 834 | 198 (23.7) | 1.11 (0.87, 1.36) |
| 35–39 | 18,348 | 1409 (7.7) | 1.38 (1.27, 1.49) | 481 | 116 (24.1) | 1.15 (0.89, 1.42) |
| ≥40 | 5548 | 408 (7.3) | 1.37 (1.23, 1.51) | 150 | 25 (16.7) | 0.79 (0.38, 1.21) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| White, non‐Hispanic | 48,969 | 3509 (7.2) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1346 | 309 (22.9) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Black, non‐Hispanic | 9205 | 603 (6.5) | 0.91 (0.83, 0.99) | 380 | 83 (21.8) | 0.97 (0.76, 1.18) |
| Hispanic | 13,013 | 1043 (8.0) | 1.11 (1.04, 1.17) | 601 | 154 (25.6) | 1.15 (0.98, 1.32) |
| Asian | 7096 | 489 (6.9) | 0.97 (0.88, 1.06) | 188 | 50 (26.6) | 1.13 (0.88, 1.39) |
| Education | ||||||
| ≤High school graduate | 16,771 | 1747 (10.4) | 1.00 (Reference) | 699 | 167 (23.9) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Some college | 40,135 | 2714 (6.8) | 0.84 (0.77, 0.91) | 1222 | 284 (23.2) | 0.96 (0.77, 1.15) |
| ≥College graduate | 21,377 | 1183 (5.5) | 0.82 (0.76, 0.88) | 594 | 145 (24.4) | 0.93 (0.76, 1.11) |
| Residence | ||||||
| Metropolitan | 70,452 | 5,266 (7.5) | 1.00 (Reference) | 2215 | 549 (24.8) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Micropolitan | 4297 | 224 (5.2) | 0.69 (0.56, 0.82) | 164 | 29 (17.7) | 0.66 (0.31, 0.99) |
| Small town/Rural | 3534 | 154 (4.4) | 0.58 (0.42, 0.73) | 136 | 18 (13.2) | 0.51 (0.07, 0.95) |
| Household income | ||||||
| <$40,000 | 15,564 | 1079 (6.9) | 1.00 (Reference) | 568 | 120 (21.1) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| $40–74,000 | 17,340 | 1183 (6.8) | 0.99 (0.91, 1.07) | 546 | 116 (21.2) | 0.99 (0.77, 1.22) |
| $75–124,000 | 21,575 | 1449 (6.7) | 0.97 (0.89, 1.04) | 681 | 182 (26.7) | 1.27 (1.07 1.47) |
| $125–199,000 | 13,811 | 1067 (7.7) | 1.11 (1.03, 1.19) | 417 | 102 (24.5) | 1.15 (0.91, 1.38) |
| ≥$200,000 | 9993 | 866 (8.7) | 1.27 (1.18, 1.35) | 303 | 76 (25.1) | 1.20 (0.95, 1.44) |
| Medical conditions | ||||||
| Any medical condition | 9972 | 829 (8.3) | 1.16 (1.09, 1.23) | 366 | 96 (26.2) | 1.13 (0.94, 1.32) |
| Asthma | 5294 | 480 (9.1) | 1.26 (1.18, 1.35) | 192 | 56 (29.2) | 1.27 (1.03, 1.50) |
| Hypertension | 3652 | 267 (7.3) | 1.01 (0.89, 1.12) | 138 | 32 (23.2) | 0.96 (0.64, 1.27) |
| Immune disorder | 160 | 14 (8.7) | 1.24 (0.75, 1.74) | 13 | <11 | – |
| Neurological disorder | 237 | 15 (6.3) | 0.91 (0.42, 1.40) | <11 | <11 | – |
| No medical condition | 68,311 | 4815 (7.0) | 1.00 (Reference) | 2149 | 500 (23.3) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Pregnancy complications | ||||||
| Any complication | 23,971 | 1801 (7.5) | 1.09 (1.04, 1.14) | 820 | 196 (23.9) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.17) |
| Pre‐eclampsia | 3443 | 269 (7.8) | 1.03 (0.91, 1.15) | 117 | 30 (25.6) | 1.03 (0.71, 1.36) |
| Gestational diabetes | 8098 | 639 (7.9) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | 279 | 59 (21.1) | 0.88 (0.64, 1.12) |
| Bleeding in pregnancy | 4264 | 325 (7.6) | 1.10 (0.99, 1.20) | 149 | 53 (35.6) | 1.60 (1.37, 1.83) |
| Haemorrhage in early pregnancy | 13,061 | 951 (7.3) | 1.13 (1.07, 1.20) | 442 | 107 (24.2) | 1.03 (0.85, 1.21) |
| Hyperemesis | 3478 | 269 (7.7) | 1.04 (0.92, 1.15) | 118 | 30 (25.4) | 1.07 (0.74, 1.39) |
| Antepartum haemorrhage | 4883 | 339 (6.9) | 1.01 (0.91, 1.11) | 190 | 60 (31.6) | 1.40 (1.18, 1.62) |
| Postpartum haemorrhage | 3835 | 285 (7.4) | 0.96 (0.85, 1.07) | 150 | 31 (20.7) | 0.83 (0.50, 1.15) |
| No complications | 54,312 | 3843 (7.1) | 1.00 (Reference) | 1695 | 400 (23.6) | 1.00 (Reference) |
| Birth outcome | ||||||
| Miscarriage | 7366 | 320 (4.3) | 1.35 (1.16, 1.55) | 80 | <11 | – |
| Medical termination | 1187 | 22 (1.9) | 0.49 (0.06, 0.93) | 15 | <11 | – |
| Stillbirth | 401 | 24 (6.0) | 0.87 (0.49, 1.26) | 14 | <11 | – |
| Preterm birth | 4630 | 300 (6.5) | 0.88 (0.76, 1.00) | 190 | 41 (21.6) | 1.05 (0.80, 1.30) |
| Spontaneous | 3526 | 224 (6.3) | 0.85 (0.72, 0.99) | 134 | 26 (19.4) | 0.78 (0.43, 1.13) |
| Clinician‐initiated | 1104 | 76 (6.9) | 0.96 (0.73, 1.18) | 56 | 25 (44.6) | 1.87 (1.53, 2.22) |
| Premature rupture of membranes | 8716 | 587 (6.7) | 0.88 (0.79, 0.96) | 277 | 60 (21.7) | 0.87 (0.64, 1.11) |
| Caesarean delivery | 12,286 | 1087 (8.8) | 1.23 (1.17, 1.29) | 405 | 98 (24.2) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.18) |
a
Relative rate of testing, controlling for timing of conception (cubic spline) and estimated gestational age at pregnancy end.