Table 2.

Antitumor activities of luteolin and its derivative‐rich species in relation to skin cancer

Species	Cell line	Inhibition of proliferation		Effect of action	Molecular target	Refs.
		IC50 (µg/ml)	Incubation time
Ailanthus excelsa	C32	36.5	48 h	↓Proliferation	Not evaluated	139
	A375	78.4 5	48 h
Ajuga chamaepitys	B16F10	406.7	24 h	↓Proliferation	↓NF‐κB	225
Ajuga genevensis	B16F10	741.4	24 h
Ajuga laxmannii	B16F10	236.8	24 h
Anastatica hierochuntica	B16F10	Not detected		↓Melanogenesis	Not evaluated	181
Artemisia princeps	B16F10 (MM)	80.6	48 h	↓Melanogenesis, ↓proliferation	Not evaluated	141
Arthrophytum scoparium	B16F10	>100	48 h	↓Melanogenesis	Not evaluated	226
Asphodelus microcarpus	B16F10	400	48 h	↓Melanogenesis, ↓proliferation	↓TYR	224
Biophytum sensitivum	B16F10	>10	24 h	↓Metastasis, ↓invasion, ↑apoptosis, ↓proliferation	↓MMP‐2, ↓MMP‐9, ↓ERK‐1, ↓ERK‐2, ↓VEGF, ↓ IL‐1β, ↓TNF‐α, ↓IL‐6, ↓GM‐CSF, ↓ Bcl‐2, ↑p53, ↑caspase‐3	221 , 222
Citrus volkameriana	UACC62	>100	48 h	↓Proliferation	Not evaluated	227
Daphne gnidium	B16F10	Not detected		↑Apoptosis	↓CTL	191
Gentiana veitchiorum	B16F10	>2 000	48 h	↓Melanogenesis	↓TYR, ↓ TRP1, ↓ DCT, ↓ MITF, ↓ CREB, ↓ cAMP	170
Hyssopus seravshanicus	B16F10	Not detected		↑Melanogenesis	Not evaluated	228
Jasione montana	C32	119.7	24 h	↓Proliferation, ↑autophagy, ↑apoptosis, ↓mitochondrial membrane potential, ↑G2/M phase, ↑S phase, ↓ G1 phase	↑Caspase‐3, ↑caspase‐8, ↑caspase‐9, ↑caspase‐10	149
Jatropha tanjorensis	A431	58.5	48 h	↓Proliferation	Not evaluated	229
Matricaria chamomilla	A375	>60	72 h	↑Apoptosis, ↑G1 phase	↑Caspase‐2, ↑caspase‐3	220
Olea europaea	B16F10	91.8	24 h	↓Proliferation, ↑apoptosis	↑ERK1/2, ↑p53	25
	HTB‐140	>50	24 h	Not evaluated	Not evaluated	230
	WM793	>50	24 h
	A375	>100	24 h	↓Proliferation	Not evaluated	231
Penthorum chinense	B16F10	>100	24 h	↓Proliferation, ↓melanogenesis, ↑autophagy	↓TYR, ↓ MITF, ↑ LC3B	232
Petroselinum crispum	A375	>60	72 h	↑Apoptosis, ↑sub‐G1 phase	↑Caspase‐2, ↑caspase‐3	220
Phyllodium elegans	A375	117.2	24 h	↓Proliferation, ↓metastasis, ↑apoptosis, ↓mitochondrial membrane potential	↑Caspase‐3, ↑caspase‐9, ↑MuD	216
Phyllospadix iwatensis	B16F10	>300	48 h	↓Melanogenesis	↓TYR	179
Pinus koraiensis	A375	>1000	48 h	Not demonstrated	Not evaluated	233
Plantago lagopus	UACC‐62	66.1	48 h	↓Proliferation	Not evaluated	188
Rosmarinus officinalis	A375	63.0	72 h	↓Proliferation, ↑apoptosis, ↑sub‐G0 and ↓G0/G1 phases, ↓intracellular ROS	↓PDIA3, ↓ GANAB, ↓ PCB1, ↓ PCB2	144
Sonneratia caseolaris	B16F10	>100	24 h	↓Melanogenesis	Not evaluated	192 , 234