Table 1.
Participant characteristics at baseline by quartile of protein intake (g/kg bodyweight/day)
| Total | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1160 | n = 290 | n = 290 | n = 290 | n = 290 | P‐value | |
| Protein intake (g/kgBW/day) | 1.50 ± 0.43 | 1.01 ± 0.16 | 1.32 ± 0.07 | 1.59 ± 0.08 | 2.07 ± 0.30 | <0.01 |
| Energy intake (kcal) | 1953 ± 555 | 2170 ± 536 | 1878 ± 519 | 1842 ± 557 | 1922 ± 549 | <0.01 |
| Protein intake (g/day) | 80.3 ± 29.3 | 74.0 ± 22.0 | 73.3 ± 25.3 | 78.8 ± 28.7 | 95.1 ± 34.4 | <0.01 |
| Animal protein intake (g/day) | 47.3 ± 23.0 | 38.5 ± 15.8 | 41.1 ± 18.0 | 46.9 ± 20.7 | 62.9 ± 27.5 | <0.01 |
| Vegetable protein intake (g/day) | 32.9 ± 10.2 | 35.5 ± 10.0 | 32.2 ± 10.2 | 31.9 ± 10.1 | 32.2 ± 10.0 | <0.01 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 2.96 | 24.3 ± 2.95 | 23.1 ± 2.72 | 22.4 ± 2.51 | 20.7 ± 2.48 | <0.01 |
| Bodyweight (kg) | 55.7 ± 9.7 | 64.8 ± 8.4 | 58.1 ± 7.2 | 52.8 ± 6.4 | 47.1 ± 6.7 | <0.01 |
| Sex | <0.01 | |||||
| Male | 567 (49%) | 252 (87%) | 178 (61%) | 88 (30%) | 49 (9%) | |
| Female | 593 (51%) | 38 (13%) | 112 (39%) | 202 (70%) | 241 (91%) | |
| Age | 76.3 ± 5.9 | 74.8 ± 5.4 | 76.5 ± 5.8 | 76.5 ± 5.8 | 77.4 ± 6.3 | <0.01 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 69.15 ± 14.4 | 68.5 ± 13.5 | 68.4 ± 15.4 | 70.0 ± 13.0 | 69.7 ± 15.6 | 0.41 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.6 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | 5.5 ± 0.5 | 0.33 |
| Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.2 ± 1.3 | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 5.4 ± 1.2 | 5.0 ± 1.3 | 4.7 ± 1.2 | <0.01 |
| Non‐HDL‐cholesterol (mg/dL) | 146.1 ± 32.9 | 143.0 ± 33.5 | 146.0 ± 31.4 | 147.5 ± 31.7 | 148.0 ± 34.7 | 0.26 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 110.4 ± 13.4 | 111.6 ± 13.8 | 111.0 ± 13.0 | 110.6 ± 12.9 | 108.4 ± 13.6 | 0.02 |
| Investigation season (summer) | 419 (36%) | 112 (39%) | 116 (40%) | 94 (32%) | 97 (33%) | 0.47 |
| Hypertension | 567 (49%) | 156 (54%) | 157 (54%) | 134 (46%) | 120 (41%) | <0.01 |
| Diabetes | 122 (11%) | 33 (11%) | 34 (12%) | 28 (10%) | 27 (9%) | 0.72 |
| Dyslipidemia | 405 (35%) | 101 (35%) | 96 (33%) | 112 (39%) | 96 (33%) | 0.46 |
| Stroke | 60 (5.0%) | 17 (6.0%) | 17 (5.9%) | 14 (4.8%) | 12 (4.1%) | 0.74 |
| Heart disease | 190 (16%) | 50 (17%) | 50 (17%) | 45 (16%) | 45 (16%) | 0.89 |
BMI, body mass index; BW, bodyweight; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure.